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Sandy sediments coming from three beaches of the southern Baltic Sea were collected and analyzed. Investigated beaches were divided according to strength of anthropogenic impact and degree of sheltering. The first beach was situated in Ustka on the eastern side of the mouth of the Słupia River, second in Czołpino and the last one in Puck. Core sediment samples were collected seasonally, depending on the influence of the sea water on the examined sediments. At each station, surface sediments (0-5 cm) were collected as well as sediments at the depth of 10-15 cm. The general content of organic matter, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, organic carbon and total bacterial number were determined. The results of the conducted tests reveal, that anthropopressure, degree of sheltering, the depth where the collected sediments were taken and the direct influence of the sea water on the sediments have impact on the chemical composition of organic matter and bacterial number in beach sediments.
Beach sediments from two beaches at the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea were collected and analyzed. The sediments were collected in two seasons – winter and summer – at two stations, depending on the influence of the sea water on the examined sediments. At each station, surface sediments (0-5 cm) were collected as well as sediments at the depth of 10-15 cm. The results of the conducted tests reveal, that anthropopressure, the depth where the collected sediments were taken and the direct influence of the sea water on the sediments have impact on the chemical composition of beach sediments and their food quality for the inhabiting psammon. The conducted tests disclose that there is more organic matter and its labile forms in the sediments originating from Ustka. Strong anthropogenic pressure found at the beach in Ustka also contributes to higher concentration of uncharacterized fraction of organic carbon in the area. Analyzing alimentary usefulness of the organic matter there, it seems to be higher at the beach in Czołpino.
The influence of reduced tillage (RT) on the biochemical properties of soil and crops has been studied thoroughly worldwide. In contrast, we lack regular results on long-term (more than 20 years) RT and especially no-till (NT) impact on the composition of soil and main crops in semi-humid subarctic climate of the Baltic States. For this reason, investigations were carried out at the Research Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania, in 2009–2012. The aim was to investigate the influence of RT and NT on soil pH, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations, enzymatic activity and abundance of earthworms. This study comprised soils which were conventionally (CP) and shallowly (SP) ploughed, deeply chiselled (DC), shallowly disked (SC) and not tilled (NT). Primary tillage systems did not have significant impact on the soil pH or its P and K content but initiated the separation of soil layers into an upper one (0–15 cm), with a higher P and K status (55.5% P and 59.0% K of the total content), and a bottom one (15–25 cm), with lower concentrations of the elements (44.5 and 41.0%). Non-inversion tillage systems and NT raised the activity of soil enzymes such as saccharase by 32.2 to 60.8% and urease by 1.6- to 3.1-fold. The most marked rise in enzyme activity occurred in SC and NT soil. RT systems lead to an increase in the number and biomass of earthworms in the soil under wheat but the highest rise of the earthworm number and biomass was observed in NT plots, where the average count of earthworms doubled and their biomass increased by 3.7-fold compared with CP. In general, NT was the most efficient system in terms of the enrichment of soil biochemical properties.
Variations in lipid, protein and carbohydrate contents of Enteromorpha spp. were examined over a seven-month period from April to October 1993. The samples were collected from seven sampling stations along the Gulf of Gdańsk coast. The lipid content was low and varied slightly from 3.47±1.76% of DW at Puck to 4.36±2.17% of DW at Rewa and Chałupy. The protein content varied from 9.42±4.62% of DW at Puck to 20.60±5.00% of DW at Jurata. At the remaining stations the values vary over a narrow range. The maximum protein contents were recorded at the beginning and end of the growing season. The level of carbohydrate was very high compared to that of lipid and protein and varied from 29.09±6.44% of DW at Osłonino to 39.81±11.15% of DW at Puck. Seasonal carbohydrate changes were noted at all sampling stations, the minimum occurring in spring and autumn and the maximum in summer.
The six-year data of study of influence of soil application of biological and mineral fertilizers and their complex on the parameters of growth and cropping of apple variety Charavnitsa, budded on the semi-dwarfing 57-545 rootstock, were analyzed. It was found that application of biological fertilizers, the biological complex and the biological- mineral complex had a positive influence on parameters of growth of apple trees, the area of leaf plate and leaf area per tree as well as on mean fruit weight and fruit chemical composition. Application of mineral fertilizers had a negative effect on tree growth and yield. Application of various kinds of fertilizers did not affect the content or composition of pigments of leaves. Mineral fertilizers increased soil acidity and caused a slight increase of potassium, phosphorus and humus content. Application of biological products significantly lowered soil acidity to the optimum level for apple trees and considerably increased the contents of soil potassium, phosphorus and humus.
Utilization of various amino acids and carbohydrates by heterotrophic bacteria isolated from a sandy beach in Sopot, Poland, southern Baltic Sea coast, was determined. The most intensive growth of bacteria was observed in the presence of amino acids, while carbohydrates were utilized less actively. Differences in the utilization of individual amino acids and carbohydrates by bacteria have been determined. The highest capability to assimilate amino acids and carbohydrates was observed in bacterial strains isolated from the middle part of the studied beach. No major differences were determined in the intensity of assimilation of the tested compounds by bacteria isolated from the surface and subsurface sand layers. Bacterial utilization of amino acids and carbohydrates depended on the chemical structure of those compounds.
The effects of different concentrations (10,20,30,40 and 50 ppm) of cadmium chloride on seed germination, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein content and peroxidase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Higher concentration of Cadmium were reported specially at 40 and 50 μm reduced germination significantly. Leaf chlorosis, wilting and leaf abscission were observed in plants with cadmium. Protein content and sugar content were reduced in higher concentrations of cadmium. However, lower concentrations of CdCl2 resulted in higher peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of tomato.
The impact of spruce spider mite (SSM) (Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi, Acari: Tetranychidae) feed-ng on needle compounds of young dwarf white spruce (Picea glauca ’Conica’), important in defence against pests, was determined. It was shown that the direction and intensity of changes in chemical composition of spruce needles was related to the density of spruce spider mite popu-a-ion. Relative to uninfested controls, needles of trees infested by 2-6 mites per 5 cm of twig during 8 weeks con-ained markedly higher concentration of soluble proteins, total phenolics and essential oil volatiles (linalool, β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, δ-3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol, methyl salicylate, geranyl acetate). Feeding of a three times larger population of mites (18 specimens per 5 cm of twig) caused either reduction of concentration of those compounds, or no significant difference in comparison to the control. The results of our study show that O. ununguis at relatively low density (not exceeding 2-6 specimens per 5 cm of twig per 8 weeks) stimulates even susceptible host-plant to alter metabolism, however induced responses are suppressed as mite density increases. Findings are discussed in relation to the importance of changes in the concentration of needle primary and secondary metabolites to white spruce defence against O. ununguis.
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