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The paper reviews literature on the immunological response to influenza virus (IV) infection. The first part of the paper focuses on humoral response involving antibodies against IV and proinflamatory cytokines. The response involves mainly antibodies of IgA, IgG and IgM classes, produced against antigenic proteins of IV - hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The antibodies are presented in blood and in BALB from 7 DPI and remain at a high level for 8-10 weeks post infection. Moreover, cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more specific to NP and M proteins. Virus titres in the lungs are tightly correlated with the level of IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 in BALF. There is no correlation between virus replication and cytokines in serum. The biological effects of immunosuppressive activity caused by IV are discussed in the second part of this review. Some of IV strains posses NS protein in the form known as IFN-inducing particles (IFP), some others in the form of INF-suppressing particles (ISP). IL-10 activity of the host was also described as an immunosuppressive factor. The third part of the paper summarizes the relationship between the pathogenesis of influenza and the acute phase proteins induced by cytokines. To recapitulate, immunological response to infection caused by influenza virus is a multistage and multifactor process, including specific and unspecific humoral and cell response. The response involves mainly proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins. Undoubtedly, biological properties of IV, especially its suppressive effect on the secretion of INF along with IL-10 activity, reduce cell response, influencing the defense of the organism against infection. This model of influenza virus infection may be valuable for assessing the therapeutic potential of cytokine antagonists.
The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in bitches suffering from spontaneously occurring mammary gland tumors. The experiment involved 30 bitches with malignant gland tumors removed surgically (carcinoma complex - 40%, carcinoma simple - 26.7%, sarcoma - 23.3%, carcinosarcoma - 10%) and 10 clinically healthy bitches. Measurements of the CRP and SAA serum concentration were performed using a commercial ELISA test. The concentration of CRP as well as SAA were significantly higher in bitches with sarcomas or carcinosarcomas compared with the animals with carcinomas (complex or simple) and the control group. Histopathological examination showed extensive areas of necrosis and inflammatory reactions in most sarcomas and carcinosarcomas. Most likely these were the main causes of the CRP and SAA increase in the serum of bitches with these type of tumors.
Celem badań było określenie poziomu dobrostanu krów i owiec na podstawie koncentracji haptoglobiny w surowicy krwi. Materiałem badanym była surowica krwi 100 krów i 120 owiec. Koncentrację haptoglobiny (Hp, mg·ml⁻¹) określono metodą immunodyfuzji radialnej. Koncentracja haptoglobiny u krów wynosiła 0,379 mg·ml⁻¹ z odchyleniami od 0,005 do 2,302 mg·ml⁻¹ przy współczynniku zmienności 155,93%. W surowicy krwi owiec średnia zawartość Hp wynosiła 0,518 mg·ml⁻¹ przy wartości minimalnej wynoszącej 0,048 mg·ml⁻¹ i maksymalnej 3,421 mg·ml⁻¹, oraz współczynniku zmienności 147,29%.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2010
|
tom 66
|
nr 12
s.822-826,bibliogr.
The article presents a review of literature concerning acute phase proteins (APP) in veterinary diagnostics and health monitoring of ruminants, dogs, cats and horses. The concentrations of APP in the serum may change in different ways, depending on factors responsible for the acute phase reaction. The results of previous studies have shown that the APP response (the type of APP reacting and the intensity of reactions) vary in different animal species. The results of experiments conducted by many researchers enable the conclusion that the analysis of APP concentration in the serum may provide valuable information on the existence and severity of inflammation in animals and humans. The analysis of APP concentrations seems to be particularly advantageous with respect to their potential usage as markers of asymptomatic and subclinical infections. Since the APP response is nonspecific, the analysis of APP concentrations alone does not provide an answer to the question whether changes in APP levels have infective background or not. Changes in APP concentrations are observed also during neoplastic diseases, stress and pregnancy. Lack of specificity is undoubtedly a limitation in the use of APP for diagnostic purposes; however, the knowledge that APP levels in the serum increase during a range of pathological conditions can and should be used. It has been shown that APP might be a valuable indicator of treatment efficacy because after an appropriate therapy the values of APP in the serum return to their physiological ranges much more quickly than other parameters. Considering the intensity of studies concerning APP in the whole world, including Poland, it is possible that in the near future APP indexes which improve differential diagnostics will be established.
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