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This paper is a review of fundamental information on bark beetles and their interactions with several predisposing factors (air pollution, drought/temperature interactions, windthrows, management activities) that are thought to contribute to the outbreaks in the High Tatra Mountains. The findings of many research projects indicate that the impact of air pollution on bark beetle populations is indirect and complex and that the disturbances in the physiology and natural resistance of trees may be of crucial importance to bark beetle population dynamics. An active forest protection approach is needed to be applied to the secondary Norway spruce forests affected in the past by human activity. Bark beetle populations in natural and near-natural forests (mainly in the upper montane zone) are regulated by natural mechanisms; bark beetles are therefore a natural factor contributing to forest development, including the transition of future generations of spruce.
Agonurn (Sericoda) quadripunctatum (De Geek) is a pyropliilous beetle tliat occurs only at sites where forest or peat has been burnt. Adults of this species are certainly attracted to various fires, probably by the smell of smoke from distant places, and stay on a conflagration sites for a short period only. The immature stages of A. (S.) quadripunctatum are described and figured for the first time.
The status of 23 species-group names used by Charles De Geer, for beetles classified in Pyrochroa Geoffroy, 1762, and Tenebrio Linnaeus, 1758, is assessed. Thirteen of these species-group names are unavailable (ten were published in synonymy, three are subsequent usages of available names): Pyrochroa rubra De Geer, 1775 = Pyrochroa coccinea (Linnaeus, 1760); Pyrochroa bimaculata De Geer, 1775 = Apalus bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1760); Tenebrio acuminatus De Geer, 1775 = Blaps mortisaga (Linnaeus, 1758); Tenebrio variolosus De Geer, 1775 = Upis ceramboides (Linnaeus, 1758); Tenebrio molitor De Geer, 1775 = Tenebio molitor Linnaeus, 1758; Tenebrio rugosus De Geer, 1775 = Opatrum sabulosum (Linnaeus, 1760); Tenebrio villosus De Geer, 1775 = Lagria hirta (Linnaeus, 1758); Tenebrio hirticornis De Geer, 1775 = Orthocerus clavicornis (Linnaeus, 1758); Tenebrio boleti De Geer, 1775 = Diaperis boleti (Linnaeus, 1758); Tenebrio gibbus De Geer, 1775 = Psammodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1761); Tenebrio maurus De Geer, 1775 = Tenebrioides mauritaniens (Linnaeus, 1758); Tenebrio aeneus De Geer, 1775 = Tenebrio chalybeus Linnaeus, 1767, a misidentification of Xylopinus saperdiodes (Olivier, 1775); and Tenebrio surinamensis De Geer, 1775 = Oryzaephilius surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758). The holotype of Pyrochroa tomentosa De Geer, 1775, and specimens described under the name Tenebrio maurus, De Geer, 1775, from the De Geer Collection were rediscovered within the Paykull Collection, Swedish Natural History Museum. Pyrochroa nigra De Geer, 1775, is a junior synonym of Prionyckus ater (Fabricius, 1775); a recently reported synonymy with Schizotus pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), is an error. The holotypes of Pyrochroa nitida De Geer, 1775, and Tenebrio lardarius De Geer, 1775, are considered lost. Tenebrio gibbus De Geer, 1778, a junior primary homonym of Tenebrio gibbus Linnaeus, 1760, has the replacement name Tenebrio striatus Retzius, 1783, and is a synonym of Zophosis reticularis Say, 1824, syn. nov., making the valid combination of this North American species Discodemus striatus (Retzius, 1783), comb. nov.
The interspecific abundance – body weight relationship (AWR) is generally believed to follow a power function with a negative slope. Here we report on the AWR of two local assemblages of ground beetles in northern Poland spanning more than three orders of magnitude in body weight. Both assemblages showed significant positive AWR slopes in raw and grouped data plots even after controlling for phylogenetic and sampling effects. We conclude that ground beetles might be an exception from the overall AWR pattern.
The most ancient life style of beetles is xylomycetophagy; xylophagy and rhizophagy appeared in the Jurassic and flourished in the middle of Lower Cretaceous but before angiosperms diversification; the same is true about carnivorous beetles living under loose bark. In the Triassic and Jurassic the most common xylophagous beetles were Cupedidae, from Mid-Cretaceous to Eocene – Buprestidae, and later on Cerambycidae. Spermatophagy existed from the Triassic and became common from the Upper Jurassic in tropical and subtropical regions (possible connection with bennettites). Palynophagous forms were common in the Upper Jurassic too. Phyllophagous beetles are unknown prior to angiosperm expansion in the Middle Cretaceous. Terrestrial carnivorous beetles existed from Triassic and did not differ essentially from the Recent ones. History of water beetles is distinctive. They lived under the water for a long time but did not swim. Most of Upper Mesozoic beetles lived in upper layers of the water (bentic forms are rare). Many ecological types of Mesozoic water beetles became extinct and have no Recent analogues. Ecological diversity of beetles became close to the Recent ones only after the end of Paleogene.
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