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The Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 deposit castor fluid (castoreum) and/or anal gland secretion at scent mounds in their territory year round. We investi­gated the hypothesis that during winter Eurasian beavers may intensify use of scent, in year round ice-free water systems, during the breeding season. This study showed that the median number of scent marks in 7 territories increased significant ly in the breeding (January-March 1996}, compared to the nonbreeding portion of winter (October- -Decemher 1995), which is consistent with our prediction. The median number of scent marks was significantly higher during February, compared to January and March. This may be due to females approaching or being in oestrous in our study area during February. Further studies are, however, needed to clarify how information in scent marks are coded and transmitted during the breeding season.
An abnormally long incisor of an adult Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 is reported. The animal weighed about 20 kg and was in good condition when shot at 3 years of age. The tooth had grown at an angle in towards the beaver's left eye. Assuming the animal to be 35 months old and total tooth length to be 13.5 cm, then growth rate would have been 0.39 cm per month. This report indicates that beaver can survive despite abnormal growth of one incisor.
Subspecific relationships of the European beaver Castor fiber have been obscured by failure to follow the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and remain an open issue. Inconsequence in the use of subspecies names caused a nomen- clatural as well as a taxonomic confusion. We discuss these controversial and incorrect nomenclatural decisions, and recognize 9 nominal subspecies of European beaver, bearing 9 available names: C. f. fiber Linnaeus, 1758, C. f. galliae Geoffroy, 1803, C. f. albicus Matschie, 1907, C. f. vistulanus Matschie, 1907, C. f. pohlei Serebrennikov, 1929, C. f. birulai Serebrennikov, 1929, C. f. tuvinicus Lavrov, 1969, C. f. belorussicus Lavrov, 1981, and C. f. orientoeuropaeus Lavrov, 1981.
The present work describes the morphological distance of a cranium between specimens of Castor fiber from Neolithic period and contemporary specimens which live in the same region of Poland. Two well-pre­served skulls of Neolithic beavers and 32 skulls of contemporary beavers were available. In order to compare the skulls, first the age of the animals was estimated followed by 22 measurements of each skull. On the basis of Principal Components Analysis it was found that the skull in the beaver changes its dimensions with age. Moreover, a strong positive allometry was found of the external sagittal crest in relation to age. The other craniometric features showed negative allometry. The PCA method also made it possible to determine that the skull of a 3-year old Neolithic beaver is as big as skulls of 4- to 5-year old contemporary ones. The skull of the second Neolithic beaver, a 5-year old, is the largest among skulls of contemporary beavers in its age group.
The study on the distribution and abundance of beaver families in the Augustowska Primeval Forest was conducted in the years 2000 -2003. It embraced all seven Forest Inspectorates administering the Forest. The study consisted in the penetration of banks along watercourses, lakes and drainage ditches. Lodges, bank dens, dams and the length of the banks colonized by beaver families were plotted on maps. Habitat types contained within the territories of individual beaver families were established on the basis of the maps obtained from Forest Inspectorates. The percentage of bank utilisation by beavers in various types of water bodies was determined. The number of beaver lodges and bank dens, as well as their number per family were established. Also, habitat preferences of beavers in individual water bodies were verified. The presented study has the form of a report which can be used for further monitoring of beaver populations in the Augustowska Primeval Forest.
Beavers lodges represent specific, zoogenic habitats. Their flora show some distinctive features differentiating them from the species composition of the areas surrounding the lodges. Studies were conducted in the Romincka Forest, in north-eastern Poland. Although lodges and their surroundings did not differ in the total number of vascular plants recorded in their area, the 40 beavers lodges studied had a significantly higher mean species richness, however half of the total species cover compared with the lodges’ surroundings. Species from the Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae and Asteraceae families were more often present in lodges rather than in their surroundings. Within the lodges there were more species tolerating disturbance (r strategy), more hemicryptophytes and therophytes, more species associated with eutrophic habitats and of neutral soil reaction. Aside from this, species from the Alnetea glutinosae, Bidentetea tripartiti, Scheutzerio- Caricetea, Artemisietea vulgaris, and Stellarietea mediae classes had a bigger share compared to lodges’ surroundings. Finally, there were also more euhemerobic species recorded in that habitat. By contrast, the communities which surround the lodges had a higher representation of stresstolerant species (s strategy), typical for mesotrophic habitats with acidic soils and more mesohemerobous and urbanophobous species. The above mentioned tendencies allowed to conclude that beavers’ lodges contribute to the increase in the diversity of habitats and subsequently may be regarded as an important factor influencing flora and vegetation biodiversity.
Winter food caches of beavers Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 were examined in 16 locations within the Suwałki region (north-eastern Poland). Four caches were selected to represent each of four habitat types: river, lake, farmland, and oligotrophic small reservoir called 'suchar'. Altogether, 92 509 twigs and branches of 15 woody species were identified and measured. Individual caches, with one exception, included branches of only 4 or 5 species. Willows Salix sp., birches Betula sp., alder Alnus glutinosa, trembling aspen Populus tremula, and mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia occurred in caches from all four habitats studied. Willows alone constituted 62.5% of the total number of branches cached. Willows, together with birch, hazel Corylus avellana, alder, and trembling aspen, amounted to 97% of all branches in caches. The remaining 10 species provided only 3% of the branches cached. Most branches were 0.5-1 m long and <3 cm thick at their base. Contents of food caches provided a good indication of winter diet and possibly food preference of beavers.
Cephalic arteries of 17 European beavers Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 were ex­amined. After the common carotid arteries were injected with resin, the heads were biologically macerated. Differences between individual specimens as well as asym­metrical distribution of certain arteries were noted. It was found that in the European beaver the common carotid artery divided into external and internal carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery is well developed in C. fiber, whereas in some other rodents it may be obliterated. The examined beavers had no stapedial arteries.
Observations on the building activity of European beavers, Castor fi ber Linnaeus, 1758, were carried out in two dissimilar lakelands in Poland to which beavers were being reintroduced from 1974 to 1985. Reintroduced beavers occupied 62 sites, and lodges were built in 76% of the sites. Several sites contained two or more lodges. Most lodges had a circular or oval base (83%) and a conical side view (85%). The size of lodges differed significantly {p = 0.051) between the two lakelands, with larger lodges at sites characterized by water scarcity. Beavers built lodges immediately after their settlement in 50% of sites, while in the other sites lodges appeared 1-8 years later. Lodge construction is frequently related with the first appearance of kits. In the study area beavers built 27 dams in 17 sites, apparently to improve water conditions and to get safe access to new stores of winter food. Dams usually wore built without acoustic stimuli. Behaviour of reintroduced beavers suggest threat as their main motivation for any building activity.
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