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W artykule omówiono zagadnienia występowania Bacillus cereus w mleku pasteryzowanym w różnych krajach. Scharakteryzowano wady, jakie gatunek ten może powodować podczas dłuższego przetrzymywania mleka spożywczego.
The research objective was to determine the degree of microbial contamination of the soil from a silver fox farm and animal feces in accordance to the season of the year and sampling location. The air temperature and relative humidity as well as sample moisture at the sampling sites were also evaluated. The studies were performed from October until September. Soil samples were collected from under the cages (GI), between the rows of the cages (GII) and at a distance of 30 m from the cages (GIII), whereas fox feces were taken from under the cages (KI), between the rows of the cages (KII) and 45 m from the cages (KIII). The soil and feces samples underwent qualitative and qualitative microbial assessment. The total count of mesophilic, psychrophilic, proteolytic bacteria, actinomycetes, from the group of coli and E.coli was established, according to the Polish Norms. The qualitative evaluation included genus identification of bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae in compliance with commonly applied procedures. The highest bacterial count under study was found in October in the soil samples from under the cages (GI). Bacteria E. coli and Salmonella rods were recovered from the soil (GI) and (GII) throughout the year, while Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. were isolated only from some GI samples. The highest average number of bacteria in fox feces was also established in the samples collected from under the cages at the turn of December and January. It was found that increasing relative humidity significantly decreased the count of all the bacteria studied in fox feces, whereas elevated air temperature contributed to declining numbers of psychrophilic bacteria and from the coli group. In the feces samples taken throughout the research period E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. bacteria occurred, while Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. were isolated in single samples. The growth of all the studied bacteria was affected by relative humidity and sample moisture, whereas psychrophilic bacteria and from the coli group by air temperature. Microbial contamination of the environment is substantially influenced by the season of the year and the pertaining atmospheric conditions, as the largest bacterial load in soil and feces was determined in autumn and winter. The highest bacterial numbers occur in soil and feces collected from under the cages, which is associated with increased organic matter (feces and feed leftover) content and medium moisture optimal for bacteria. Therefore, it is recommended to undertake preventive measures within the sanitary-veterinary supervision aiming at improvement of the state of health of fur bearing animals.
W pierwszej i drugiej części niniejszego artykułu omówiono niektóre drobnoustroje szkodliwe dla człowieka oraz mikroorganizmy mające wpływ na jakość artykułów spożywczych. W trzeciej części przedstawiono wyniki mikrobiologicznych badań wody. Wykazano przydatność stosowanych podłoży wybiórczych do analizy bakteriologicznej wody. Zastosowanie odpowiednich metod mikrobiologicznych z uwzględnieniem badań morfologicznych, fizjologicznych i biochemicznych pozwoliło zidentyfikować 13 rodzajów bakterii z wyodrębnieniem licznych gatunków oraz jedną grupę bakterii niezidentyfikowaną. Bakterie te wyizolowano z wody pochodzącej z browarów, mleczarni, winiarni, cukrowni i oddziału produkcji lemoniad. Stwierdzono w poszczególnych oddziałach tych zakładów istnienie w wodzie specyficznej mikroflory bakteryjnej.
The purpose of the research was to evaluate the chilling environment - the waters from the spin-chillers and the air from the chilling rooms - on the bacterial contamination of broiler chicken carcasses after slaughter. The research was conducted on two chilling systems for poultry used in Polish slaughterhouses: immersion and evaporative chilling. Forty samples of water from the spin-chillers underwent microbiological analysis as well as 20 samples of air from chilling rooms of both chilling systems. The following were determined from the above-mentioned materials: the total count of aerobic bacteria and coliforms, as well as the psychrotrophic and proteolytic groups. The presence of Salmonella was only evaluated in the water samples from the refrigerators (20 samples from each of the systems). A significant influence of the type of chilling system on the contamination of the water from the spin-chillers has been demonstrated on all the evaluated groups of bacteria. Water derived from the evaporative chilling system contained significantly more microflora (8.9 × 10³ cfu/ml) in comparison to the immersion system (7.0 × 10³ cfu/ml), which might have been caused by the manual eviscerating of the carcasses. The chilling system varied the percentage of particular groups of evaluated bacteria in the total microflora contamination in the water from the spin-chillers. Depending on the chilling system the percentage of the coliforms was 5-9% of the total count of bacteria, the percentage of psychrotrophic bacteria from 43-52%, proteolytic bacteria from 27-40%. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in the water from the spin- -chillers of both of the systems. They were isolated more frequently in the immersion system (90% of the samples were positive) than in the evaporative chilling (50%). The most frequently isolated serotype was S. Enteritidis, the presence of which was confirmed in half of all water samples under examination. The remaining serotypes (S. Agona, S. Infantis, S. Hadar and S. Cremieu) were isolated less frequently. The analysis of the microbiological contamination of the air from the chilling rooms only demonstrated significant differences between both systems in the Coli and proteolytic groups. The count of the above-mentioned bacteria in l m³ of air was lower in a chilling room of the immersion system than in an evaporative chilling. There were no differences in the total count of bacteria and in the psychrotrophic bacteria. The total contamination in l m3 of air in the immersion system amounted to 2.9 × 10³ cfu. The count of coliforms in this system was 6.8 × 10 cfu/m³, which constituted 2.34% of the total count of bacteria, while in the evaporative chilling it was 2.7 × 10² cfu (10%). The psychrotrophic bacteria contamination constituted l.4 × 10³ (48.27%) in the immersion and l.6 × 10³ (59.25%) in the evaporative chilling. Proteolytic bacteria constituted from 10% in the immersion to 33% in the evaporative chilling of the total count of bacteria. The chilling room environment has a significant impact on the bacterial contamination of broiler chicken carcasses in the final phase of their production - primarily through the water from the spin-chillers, but also as a result the air movement.
Artykuł informuje o krajowych i europejskich aktach prawnych, dotyczących bakteriologicznej oceny jakości wody do picia. Zawiera też informacje o normach polskich (PN), europejskich (CEN) i międzynarodowych (ISO), obejmujących metody badań podstawowych wskaźników zanieczyszczenia bakteriologicznego wody.
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