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High temporal and spatial resolution of radar measurements enables to continuously observe dynamically evolving meteorological phenomena. Three-dimensional (3D) weather radar reflectivity data assimilated into the numerical weather prediction model has the potential to improve initial description of the atmospheric model state. The paper is concentrated on the development of radar reflectivity assimilation technique into COAMPS mesoscale model using an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) type assimilation schemes available in Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) programming environment. Before weather radar data enter into the assimilation system, the measurement errors are eliminated through quality control procedures. At first artifacts associated with non-meteorological errors are removed using the algorithms based on analysis of reflectivity field pattern. Then procedures for correction of the reflectivity data are employed, especially due to radar beam blockage and attenuation in rain. Each of the correction algorithms is connected with generation of the data quality characteristic expressed quantitatively by so called quality index (QI). In order to avoid transformation of data uncertainty into assimilation scheme only the radar gates successfully verified by means of the quality algorithms were employed in the assimilation. The proposed methodology has been applied to simulate selected intense precipitation events in Poland in May and August 2010.
The ability to in vitro cholesterol level reduction in laboratory media has been shown for numerous strains of lactic acid bacteria, but not for all strains of lactic bacteria used in the dairy industry. The aim of this work was the determination of the ability of selected thermophilic lactic acid bacteria to cholesterol assimilation during 24 h culture in MRS broth. Commercial starter cultures showed various ability to cholesterol assimilation from laboratory medium. In case of starter cultures used for production of traditional yoghurt, consisting of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, the quantity of assimilated cholesterol did not exceed 27% of its initial contents (0.7 g in 1 dm3). Starter cultures used for bioyoghurt production, containing also probiotic strains (came from Lactobacillus acidophilus species or Bifidobacterium genus) assimilated from almost 18% to over 38% of cholesterol. For one monoculture of Lb. acidophilus, cholesterol assimilation ability of 49-55% was observed, despite that the number of bacterial cells in this culture was not different from number of bacteria in other cultures.
The ammonium uptake by cucumber seedlings was estimated from ammonium ions depletion in an uptake solution. The uptake of NH ⁺₄ was decreased by about 60 % after one hour and by about 90 % after two hours of 100 µM Cu²⁺ treatment. On the contrary the accumulation of ammonium in roots of Cu²⁺-treated seedlings at the same time was higher than in the control. Cu²⁺ in the concentration inhibiting NH ⁺₄ absorption during one hour inhibited also glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2) and NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) (EC 1.4.1.2) activities both localized in the roots of seedlings. After one hour and at least up to the 4th hour Cu²⁺ accumulated mainly in roots (95 %). It was probably the reason of the GS activity in cotyledons of seedling treated with Cu²⁺ that it was at the same level as in the control. NADH-GDH activity in cotylcdons after one hour of the Cu²⁺ treatment was lower than in the control but the influence of Cu²⁺ action on the activity of this enzyme in roots was by far stronger. 100 µM Cu²⁺ did not affect the activities of both enzymes in in vitro experiments. Copper added into the incubation medium in 1000 µM concentration decreased GS activity, but still did not change NADH-GDH activity. These results suggested the indirect Cu²⁺ action on the investigated enzymes in in vivo experiments. However, no substantial effect on enzyme activities extracted from control plants was observed after the addition of the extract from Cu²⁺-treated plants into the incubation medium. The data suggest that the influence of Cu²⁺ on uptake and assimilation of ammonium may be connected not only with changes of plasma membrane properties in the root cells of Cu²⁺ treated seedlings but also with Cu²⁺ action on two major enzymes involved in NH ⁺₄ assimilation: glutamate synthetase and NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase.
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A considerable variation is noticed between the different species studied and even between the strains of the same species, in the assimilation of cholesterol in synthetic media, in presence of different concentrations of bile salts and under anaerobiosis conditions. The obtained results show that certain strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus resist bile salts and assimilate appreciable cholesterol quantities in their presence. The study of associations shows that only strains assimilating cholesterol in a pure state remain active when they are put in associations, but there is no additional effect. However, the symbiotic effect between Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus of yogurt, with regard to bile salts, is confirmed. The lactic fermenters of yogurt (Y2) reduce the levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, in a well-balanced way. In all cases, the assimilated quantity of HDL-cholesterol is lower than that of LDL-cholesterol. Moreover, yogurt Y2 keeps a significant number of bacteria, superior to 108 cells ml-1, and has a good taste 10 days after its production.
Doświadczenie polowe prowadzono w 2008 r. w SD Lipnik należącej do Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie. Mieszankę życic westerwoldzkich uprawiano w zróżnicowanych warunkach wodnych (O – obiekty kontrolne – bez nawadniania i W – obiekty nawadniane) oraz nawożenia azotem (1 N – 50 kg, 2 N – 100 kg, 3 N –150 kg N·haˉ¹). Uzupełniające nawadnianie istotnie podwyższało natężenie fotosyntezy (o 27,5%) i transpiracji (o 63%). Nawożenie zawsze zwiększało asymilację i różnie wpływało na transpirację – w zależności od wysokości dawki azotu i warunków wilgotnościowych gleby. Zawartość barwników malała pod wpływem nawadniania i zwiększała się w wyniku nawożenia azotem. Łączny plon świeżej masy zebrany w doświadczeniu wyniósł 50,1 t·haˉ¹, podczas gdy plon z poletek kontrolnych (bez nawadniania) – 46,1 t·haˉ¹. Dzięki nawadnianiu zanotowano istotny wzrost plonu wynoszący 7,9 t·haˉ¹ (17,1% w porównaniu do obiektu kontrolnego). Zastosowanie nawożenia azotowego w dawce 100 i 150 kg N·haˉ¹ spowodowało przyrosty odpowiednio o 41,6% i 61,1% w porównaniu do nawożenia dawką 50 kg N·haˉ¹. Efekty produkcyjne (plonowanie) były istotnie skorelowane z fotosyntezą, transpiracją i barwnikami asymilacyjnymi. Asymilacja była istotnie (dodatnio) skorelowana z transpiracją, podczas gdy współczynnik wykorzystania wody ujemnie z transpiracją.
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