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1

Evaluation of predator's pressure on hatch of Ring-necked pheasants Phasianus colchicus in urban and agricultural areas by means of artificial nests

100%
Czyzowski P., Karpinski M., Drozd L.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Animal Husbandry
|
2009
|
tom 12
|
nr 4
2

Forest fragment size affects edge effect in nest predation - experiment with artificial nests

100%
Mazgajski T. D., Rejt L.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2005
|
tom 53
|
nr 2
Many species react negatively to forest fragmentation. If this process also decreases the abundance of forest predators we expect that birds’ broods in small forest patches would be preyed upon only by predators that penetrate from the matrix while broods in larger patches would be also attacked by predators specifically associated with forests. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in forest patch size leads to an increase in predator pressure on nests. Studies were conducted in Central Poland, in an agriculturally dominant area with 6% forest cover and highly fragmented woodlots. Artificial nests were placed along transects from the forest edge to the center of the woodlot. Three patch sizes were chosen for the experiment: small (< 20 ha), medium (30–50 ha) and large (> 120 ha). One quail egg was placed in each nest. All transects were checked after 13– 14 days. The highest predation level was found in medium-sized patches, the lowest – in the largest patches. We found a reverse edge effect on nest predation in the largest patches, i.e. a decreased predation risk closer to the forest/matrix border. When comparing our results with other studies, it seems that the manner of classifying forest size significantly affects the results obtained. This may explain the differences in the results of many authors studying this phenomenon.
3

The effect of mowing on next-year predation of grassland bird nests: experimental study

84%
Ejsmond M. J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2008
|
tom 56
|
nr 2
299-307
The effect of mowing on nextyear nest predation was studied in grassland areas on the outskirts of Cracow (south Poland). In 2004 and 2005, nesting success at three sites with two plots each – one unmowed for 2–3 years and one mowed every year – was assessed experimentally with artificial nests baited with two Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica L. eggs. Biomass samples were collected for estimations of the standing crop of vegetation. Mowing was found to be correlated with nest predation pressure on the unmowed plots in two meadows that had greater vegetation cover. At the third site, nest predation and vegetation cover did not differ between the mowed and unmowed plots. All selected sites were classified as Arrhenatherum elatius grassland. Also birds communities of study sites were similar in regard to occurrence of small ground-nesting passerine species: Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia Bodd., Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus L., Whinchat Saxicola rubetra L., Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava L. Artificial nests were destroyed mainly by corvids and only few percent were recognized as destroyed by mammals. The intensity of nest destruction differed greatly between years, probably because Magpies Pica pica L. were less active in 2005.
4

Ground nesting in recultivated forest habitats - a study with artificial nests

84%
Purger J. J., Meszaros L. A., Purger D.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2004
|
tom 39
|
nr 2
The study was carried out in the outskirts of the town of Pécs (southern Hungary) in a recultivated former coal mine. Bordered by Turkey Oak forests, this open area forms a wedge-shaped clearing in that woodland. Since trees and taller shrubs are rare in the area, it is mainly ground nesting bird species that occur in the clearing. In order to discover whether it is more advantageous to nest in the recultivated area (clearing) than in the nearby forest or at its edges, 150 artificial ground nests were constructed. On 7 May 2002, one quail egg and a plasticine egg of similar size were placed in each of the artificial nests. After a week it was found that 24% of nests in the clearing, 30% of those in the forest edge, and 44% of the ones inside the forest had suffered depredation. The proportions of damaged plasticine and quail eggs inside the forest and at the forest edge were similar, whereas the quail eggs in the clearings were significantly less damaged than plasticine eggs. Of all the experimental eggs, significantly more plasticine eggs (29%) were damaged than quail eggs (17%), which suggests that small-bodied predators are unable to break the quail eggs. 18% of the plasticine eggs attacked, and 72% of the quail eggs attacked were removed from the nest by the predator. Among the predators, small mammals were dominant in the clearing and inside the forest, and birds at the forest edge. Based on the predation of quail eggs, the survival chances of ground nests in the clearing are greater than at the forest edge or inside the forest.
5

Survival chances of ground nests in a meadow habitat: a case study in Vrana Lake Nature Park (Mediterranean region, Croatia)

84%
Purger J. J., Muzinic J., Purger D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2012
|
tom 60
|
nr 1
The number of ground-nesting bird species in meadows, one of the most vulnerable habitats in the ornithological reserve of Vrana Lake Nature Park has decreased in recent decades. Nest survival rates were investigated in meadows and reed beds using nest predation experiments in late March and in May 2005. Predators damaged 18% of the 50 artificial nests placed in the pasture meadow habitat in March and 22% in May. Daily survival rate of nests were found to be similar in March (97%) and May (96%). In May, 64% of 25 nests located in the reed bed were discovered by the predators, with the daily survival rate of nests (90%) being significantly lower than that of nests in the nearby meadow. The results suggest that the reasons for the decreasing number of nesting bird species may be – instead of the pronounced presence and activity of predators in the area – the shrinkage of meadow area, the lack of buffer zone, the proximity of agricultural lands, and disturbance caused by intensive grazing.
6

Predation on artificial nests imitating the broods of two rallid species: the influence of habitat features

67%
Chibowski P., Brzezinski M., Jedlikowski J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2015
|
tom 63
|
nr 4
We tested the influence of nest concealment (vegetation type, density and height), water depth and nest distance from the bank on predation rates upon simulated nests of the water rail (Rallus aquaticus) and the little crake (Porzana parva). Broods of both rallids were simulated by real and wax-filled quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs coloured typically for each species. Three grades of nest concealment were used: uncovered nests located on wooden floating boards, nests hidden in littoral vegetation and nests hidden under a plastic mesh covered with plants, which made them invisible from the air. Concealment proved to have a stronger impact on the fate of artificial nests than water depth; 95% of the nests on boards were depredated after one week of exposure. Nests attached to a peg at water level and hidden in vegetation had survival rates of 18 and 22%, after three weeks of exposure in two experiment repetitions. In 2012, we found significant differences between survival rates of nests located in different types of vegetation after the first week of the experiment: nests in bulrush (Typha spp.) had a higher survival rate than nests in sedge (Carex spp.) and common reed (Phragmites australis), and nests in sedge had a better survival rate than nests in reed. Those differences disappeared after the end of the experiment. In 2013, nests located in sedge (Carex spp.) had a better survival rate than nests located in bulrush (Typha spp.) or the common reed (Phragmites australis). Covering nests with plastic mesh and plants increased nest survival up to 38% after a three-week-long exposure period. Potential nest predators were monitored: mammals (mustelids and rodents) using live traps and birds by observation of their hunting activity. Filling quail eggshells with wax allowed us to identify the marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) as the main nest predator — in 67% of depredated nests, wax eggs carried marks of a raptor beak. American mink (Neovison vison) and the water vole (Arvicola amhibius), though abundant in the study area, were not important nest predators, as only a few bite marks of these mammals were recorded.
7

Nest survival in a large river valley: an experiment using artificial nests on an island and bank of Vistula River (Poland)

67%
Zmihorski M., Lewtak J., Brzezinski M., Romanowski J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2010
|
tom 58
|
nr 1
Predation pressure, which varies among habitats, is important factor for selection of nesting sites by birds. We investigated artificial nest depredation on an island 23 ha in size and on the river bank covered by willow-poplar forest and meadows in the middle Vistula river valley, in the spring and autumn 2006. We used polyurethane thrush-size nests placed at three heights (ground, bush and tree) with one quail egg. Each nest was checked twice, 7 and 14 days after the beginning of the experiment, in total 381 nest-inspections was included. Additionally, we live-trapped rodents (data from 510 trapnights included) which are potential predators of broods. We found that the survival rate of artificial nests was higher on the island as compared to the bank. Artificial nests placed on the ground revealed the higher survival rate than the nests placed on trees and bushes. Nest survival rate was higher in the autumn than in the spring. Repeatability of the results (survived vs. depredated) for the first and second 7-day period was high but lower on the island as compared to the bank. The abundance of rodents was higher on the bank during the spring, but no difference was recorded in the autumn. Rodents were also more abundant in the autumn than in the spring. This may indicate that survival rates of nests were not affected by rodents directly.
8

Predation survival of ground nesting birds in grass and wheat fields: experiment with plasticine eggs and artificial nests

67%
Purger J. J., Csuka S., Kurucz K.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2008
|
tom 56
|
nr 3
481-486
There are no agricultural activities in Hungarian energy grass plantations (Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark before harvesting in August, so the breeding success of the ground-nesting Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) and Common quail (Coturnix coturnix (L.)) is probably higher than in the neighbouring intensively managed grain fields. The dominant nest predators of these bird species (e.g. Red fox Vulpes vulpes L.) prey mostly on small mammals, thus the abundance of small mammals can influence the survival rates of ground-nesting birds. These assumptions were tested using artificial ground-nests and small mammal live traps in late May 2005. Of the nests, 25 were placed in the energy grass field which covered 60 ha and another 25 in the wheat field which area was 20 ha. Each of the nests contained one chicken egg, one quail egg and one plasticine dummy-egg. Real eggs were placed for the evaluation of nest predation rates and artificial plasticine eggs for predator identification from tooth and bill imprints. Following the placement of artificial nests, they were checked repeatedly between 16.00 and 18.00 every day. In both plots, 25 traps were set up, baited for 4 nights with quail egg and for another 4 nights with plasticine egg. Artificial nests lasted for 3 days in the wheat field and for 4 days in the energy grass field. The major predators in wheat were birds (16%) and mammals (84%), whereas in energy grass all predation (100%) was caused by mammals. There was no significant difference between types of predators in the two habitats. On-spot observations, traces and marks left on plasticine eggs, several droppings and the patterns of nest predation all suggested that the majority of nests were destroyed by Red fox. A significantly higher proportion of plasticine eggs were damaged in wheat (80%) than in energy grass (48%). Based on marks left on plasticine eggs, small mammal abundance was higher in wheat (80%) than in energy grass (33%), the latter habitat not yielding any small mammal captures at all. Traps in the wheat field caught significantly more small mammals with plasticine eggs (14) than with quail eggs (5). Plasticine eggs had greater attraction effect on small mammals, thus could negatively influence experiments with artificial ground nests.
9

Controlled reproduction of European catfish [Silurus glanis L.] in small ponds without artificial nests

67%
Stevic I., Opacak A., Bogut I.
Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii
|
1997
|
tom 44
|
nr 1-2
10

The effect of differences in nest tube diameter on the settling of artificial nests by females of solitary bee Osmia rufa L.

67%
Wilkaniec Z.
Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe
|
1998
|
tom 42
|
nr 2
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