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Self-association of histones H1 from calf thymus and from sperm of the marine worm Chaetopterus variopedatus was studied on native and glutaraldehyde cross-linked molecules by PAGE and by salt-induced turbidity measurements. Multiple polymers were generated by native sperm histone H1-like after glutaraldehyde cross-linking while the same treatment on its lysine- or arginine-modified derivatives and on somatic histone H1 failed to induce polymerization. This result suggests the relevance of arginine content in the formation of histone H1-like polymers particularly because Chaetopterus variopedatus and calf thymus histones H1 have similar content of lysine but different K/R ratio (2 and 15, respectively). Salt-induced turbidity experiments confirmed the high tendency of sperm histone H1-like to form oligomers, particularly in the presence of phosphate ions. Native PAGE analysis in the presence of phosphate supported this hypothesis. The reported results suggest that phosphate ions connecting lysine and arginine side chain groups contribute to the interaction of sperm histone H1-like with DNA in chromatin and mplay a key role in organization and stabilization of the chromatin higher order structures.
Among the methods applied to ensure optimal pharmaceutical availability of a drug is the incorporation of solid dispersions, i.e. combinations containing a therapeutic substance and a carrier deprived of its pharmacological activity. While manufacturing solid dispersions, special attention must be paid to carriers with a polymeric structure and hydrophilic properties, e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and also phosphatidylcholine (PC). The aim of this study has been to evaluate the influence of the carriers PVP and PC 45 on pharmacokinetic parameters of Mg2+ absorption from Mg(Lev)2, Mg(LevGly), Mg(LevArg) as well as from solid dispersions containing these salts. The o/w partition coefficient was determined and the log P value calculated for pure salts and for solid dispersions containing the salts during this study. The process of Mg2+ absorption was examined in vitro on a model of the rat’s small intestine. Our analysis of the results indicates that addition of PVP or PC 45 to solid dispersions (containing magnesium levulinate salts) significantly improves the degree of Mg2+ ion absorption. It has been found that addition of PVP and PC 45 to solid dispersions with magnesium levulinate salts significantly influences the rate of Mg2+ absorption from the formulations. Moreover, the results indicate that additional ligand (glycine or arginine) in the structure of magnesium levulinate triggers the effect consisting in depressed lipophilicity for these compounds. Using the PVP or PC 45 carriers for making solid dispersions containing magnesium levulinate and derivatives with glycine or arginine ligands is quite a promising solution for attaining improved pharmaceutical availability of drugs.
Preparation of solid dispersions is a popular pharmaceutical technology designed to improve the solubility and absorption characteristics of drugs. Solubilizing and moisturizing of carriers show influence on therapeutic substances; although dissolution of molecular dispersion of particles of the therapeutic substance in a neutral carrier is of utmost importance. This paper present the results of the research on influence of modification the structure of magnesium nicotinate Mg(Nic) with ligands, glycine and arginine, on the absorption process of Mg2+ions in vitro. The absorption area was the small intestine of a rat. It was found that structural changes with an additional arginine or glycine ligand affect the absorption process of Mg2+ions. Moreover, the effect of hydrophilic carriers on the partition coefficient (log P) for the system of n-octanol and phosphate buffer was investigated for the solid dispersions containing the examined magnesium salts. Phosphatidylcholine (PC-45) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP K-30) were used as carriers for solid dispersions with of magnesium salts. It was confirmed that using auxiliary substances PC-45 and PVP changes significantly (p<0.05) P values, corresponding to increasing hydrophobic properties of solid dispersions of the examined salts. It was found that modification of the structure of magnesium nicotinate by amino acids such as arginine or glycine positively influences the absorption process Mg2+ ions. The research carried out on properties of the solid dispersions containing magnesium salts and phospatidylcholine (PC-45) or magnesium salts and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP K30) showed positive influence of these auxiliary substances.
Essential processes in the regeneration of an injured muscle include proliferation of satellite cells and vascularization. Myogenesis and angiogenesis are prerequisites for the subsequent morphological and functional healing of the injured muscle, leading to the reconstruction of the damaged myocytes and vessels, restoration of the blood fl ow and restoration of the oxygen supply to the tissue. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in satellite cells activation. It acts as a signal molecule and vasodilator, promotes expression genes for many growth factors being extracellular signals regulating the functions of the muscular, vascular and nervous systems. NO is produced by three isoenzymes, called nitric oxide synthases (NOS), present in skeletal muscle. The disturbance equilibrium between eNOS and iNOS activities results in pro-apoptotic NO activity and muscle atrophy. A recent study has shown a relationship between NO generation and delayed onset muscle soreness in response to intense resistance exercise. NO generation can be modulated by physical activity, systemic hypoxia (altitude training) or NO precursors such as L-arginine. The present review provides a current overview of NO effects on skeletal muscles and nutritional strategies based on L-arginine intake to aid muscle regeneration.
Sugarcane cell cultures were obtained from callus formed on explants derived from young expanding leaves of two early maturing sugarcane varieties viz “CoJ83” and “CoJ86”. The cell cultures were varied with different arginine concentrations in the culture medium. For each cultivar, sucrose content with 20 μM arginine in the culture medium decreased from 3 to 5 days and then increased to 10 days after subculturing. Higher concentration of arginine in the culture medium (60 μM) decreased the sucrose content at different days after subculturing and thus significantly stimulated sucrose mobilization. The activity of sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase reached maximum while the activity of acid and neutral invertase was minimal in the culture medium with 20 μM arginine. Thus arginine at low concentration (20 μM) enables the cells to accumulate the higher level of sucrose. The optimum level of amino acids can be utilized to regulate the in vivo activity of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and invertase to achieve maximum sucrose accumulation in sugarcane storage tissue.
Chemical modification of arginine and lysine residues of bovine heart 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase with phenylglyoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate inactivated the enzyme, indicating the importance of these residues for the catalysis. Inactivation caused by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was prevented in the presence of thiamine pyrophosphate and Mg2+ allowing the assumption that lysine residues participate in binding of the cofactor.
New data are presented on the interaction of model synthetic peptides con­taining an arginine-rich region of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-Tat), with native RNA molecules: tRNA Phe of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 5S rRNA from Lupinas luteus. Both RNA species form complexes with the Tatl (GRKKRRQRRRA) and Tat2 (GRKKRRQRRRAPQDSQTHQASLSKQPA) pep- tides, as shown by electrophoretic gel shift and RNase footprint assays, and CD measurements. The nucleotide sequence UGGG located in the dihydrouridine loop of tRNA Phe as well as in the loop D of 5S rRNA is specifically protected against RNases. Our data indicate direct interactions of guanine of RNA moie­ties with argininc residues. These interactions seem similar to those observed in DNA-protein complexes, but different from those previously observed in the TAR RNA-Tat complexes.
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