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Two approaches are proposed for developing adapted metrics, proposing realistic and sustainable ecologic objectives, and suggesting a management strategy for stream rehabilitation. The first approach implemented a harmonization system of French standardized biotic indices. The second one was based on the development of functional traits (FTrs), which were defined by oligochaete assemblages inhabiting coarse surface sediments and the hyporheic system. The harmonization system allowed to define a weighted general ecological quality. The FTrs characterized an ecological potential (EP) resulting from interactions between physical factors (dynamics of hydrologic exchanges between surface water and groundwater) and chemical factors. An example of using both approaches at the same urbanized site is presented and serves for planning of rehabilitation activities. The benefits, drawbacks and progress of both approaches are discussed.
The aim of this paper is to assess usefulness of different measures when determining central tendencies which characterise the environmental requirements of living organisms. Mathematical analyses were made of the environmental parameters of river macrophyte communities which were taken as a representative pattern of different levels of biological structures. To deliver a representative dataset, botanical surveys were carried out on a range of British rivers together with environmental assessment and the plant communities groups were identified based on characteristic species according to eslished phytosociological criteria. The mean values and standard univariate medians of the revealed associations were compared with means calculated on the basis of advanced transformation and also with the rarely calculated multivariate L median. Due to high variance and asymmetrical distribution, the analyses based on the mean-value appeared to be limited in application. To avoid this disadvantage transformation to obtain normality of the dataset standardisation was proposed although even this did not fully reach a satisfactory symmetry. It was concluded that each environmental variable for each single biota must be individually treated by a suile transformation to obtain approximately normal distributions. The univariate median was very resistant to the effects of outliers but gave a flattened output of the environmental dataset making the partitioning of biological units very difficult. The multivariate L median appeared to be unaffected by outliers. It enabled to obtain considerable ordering of communities against individual environmental parameters without data transformation.
Increasing emphasis is being placed on managing aquatic resources on an integrated, basinwide basis. Traditional ground inventory methods are time-consuming and expensive, and are not easy to integrate over large areas. Remote sensing, combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Geographic Positioning System (GPS) technology, offers a more flexible, cost-effective method for gathering and integrating information. Digital terrain models, spectral separations, and microwaves can be used to define physical and biological features. Habitat conditions in a basin can be defined by four basic elements: climate, geomorphology, vegetation and human activities. All of these can, to different degrees, be directly inventoried by remote sensing. When used with GPS and GIS systems, remote sensing information can be merged with field data and other sources of information to create an integrated summary of resource conditions. Information can be summarized on a range of scales, from local to region-wide, and can be compared over time as a monitoring and evaluation tool.
Cytolytic toxins produced by Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria strains were partially purified from culture filtrates by two steps of purification: ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B. Hemolytic activity was detected in one or two peaks in elution profile. Purified toxins were also cytotoxic to Vero and CHO cells. Moreover, these toxins revealed cytotonic activity to CHO cells.
We report herein the first description of the physical structure of the aquatic habitats of the Lower Paraguay River along 390 km from Asunción city (Paraguay) to the confluence with the Paraná River. The hierarchical ordination of the Fluvial Hydrosystem Approach (FHA) allowed us to classify the Lower Paraguay as a meandering functional sector where five functional sets were identified: (a) main channel, (b) floodplain channel, (c) floodplain lentic environment, (d) tributary, and (f) aquatic-terrestrial transition zone. These functional sets encompassed twenty one functional units and sixty one major mesohabitats. We attribute the riverine habitat diversity to the changes in the channel-floodplain morphology and in the strength, duration and frequency of their hydrological connectivity. The variable riverfloodplain- tributary complex developed several types of fluvial-lacustrine boundaries and riverine ecotones.
Testate amoebae consist of a group of protists producing protective external coats (tests), which potentially allows them to be used in palaeoecological studies. They are known to be good indicators of several ecological parameters such as water chemistry, moisture and water table level in substrate, and especially peat moisture. Because of their strong dependence on environmental variables it is assumed that each bog microform (e.g. hummock, hollow) is characterized by a different assemblage of testate amoebae. The distribution of testate amoebae assemblages in peat bog of north-eastern Estonia was studied along the gradient from hummock to hollow in the upper 30 cm of the peat layer along a transect of 10 m. The composition and abundance of testate amoebae communities were analyzed in the samples collected (peat sampler, 5 cm diameter) from each sample point (at a distance of 2.5 m from each other) from hummock to hollow. Indicatory species specific to certain bog microforms (representing a set of environmental variables) were found, as well as other species typical for individual environment variables such as depth, peat decomposition degree, and distance to water table or local vegetation. Data analysis showed that distinct bog microforms are better described by abundance of particular testate amoebae species in peat than by species proportions in total abundance of the assemblage. The frequency of occurrence of species with dry environment preference correlates well with arboreal and Calluna vulgaris pollen and high degree of decomposition of peat; it all indicates a dryer environment and possibly is referring to a hummock microform. Amphitrema flavum correlates well with Sphagnum; this correlation increases with the A. flavum shift downwards from Sphagnum up to 4 cm. Testate amoebae assemblages in different bog microforms, even within 10 m, are distinctly different. To pay attention to possible changes of bog microforms in time is therefore crucial for reconstructing the palaeohydrological history of bogs.
The canopy samples such as trapped leaf litter, trapped sediment (during summer), stemflow and throughfall (during monsoon) from five common riparian tree species (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cassia fistula, Ficus recemosa, Syzygium caryophyllatum and Xylia xylocarpa) in Kaiga forest stand of the Western Ghats of southwest India were evaluated for the occurrence of water-borne hyphomycetes. Partially decomposed trapped leaf litter was incubated in bubble chambers followed by filtration to assess conidial output. Sediments accumulated in tree holes or junction of branches were shaken with sterile leaf disks in distilled water followed by incubation of leaf disks in bubble chamber and filtration to find out colonized fungi. Stemflow and throughfall samples were filtered directly to collect free conidia. From five canopy niches, a total of 29 water-borne hyphomycetes were recovered. The species richness was higher in stemflow and throughfall than trapped leaf litter and sediments (14-16 vs. 6-10 species). Although sediments of Syzygium caryophyllatum were acidic (5.1), the conidial output was higher than other tree species. Stemflow and throughfall of Xylea xylocarpa even though alkaline (8.5-8.7) showed higher species richness (6-12 species) as well as conidial load than rest of the tree species. Flagellospora curvula and Triscelophorus acuminatus were common in trapped leaf litter and sediments respectively, while conidia of Anguillospora crassa and A. longissima were frequent in stemflow and throughfall. Diversity of water-borne hyphomycetes was highest in throughfall of Xylea xylocarpa followed by throughfall of Ficus recemosa. Our study reconfirms the occurrence and survival of diverse water-borne hyphomycetes in different niches of riparian tree canopies of the Western Ghats during wet and dry regimes and predicts their possible role in canopy as saprophytes, endophytes and alternation of life cycle between canopy and aquatic habitats.
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