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A field experiment was carried out at the Didactic and Experimental Farm in Swadzim near Poznań in 2004-07. Two maize cultivars were studied, six nitrogen doses and magnesium doses. The effects of the mentioned factors exerted on the utilization of nitrogen from the applied mineral fertilizer and on the nitrogen harvest index were studied. The impact of nitrogen fertilization on the mineral intake of traditional maize cultivars has been widely presented in national and foreign literature. However, there are a limited number of papers comparing the volume of mineral intake and use between the traditional and the “stay-green”-types of cultivars. Moreover, according to the “minimum” principle, the component most deficient in the soil determines harvest volume. Magnesium is obviously one of the ingredients whose deficiency has been found in most of the soils in Poland, and this justifies research focusing on improving the precision of the technology concerning “stay-green”-type maize cultivar fertilization with nitrogen and magnesium, including the environmental aspects. The hybrid LG 2244 “stay-green”-type utilized to a higher degree nitrogen from the applied mineral fertilizer and showed a higher nitrogen harvest index, as compared with a traditional hybrid cultivar: Anjou 258. Increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization decreased N utilization by the plants and the nitrogen harvest index. The application of 15 kg Mg・ha⁻¹ both broadcast and in rows caused increased nitrogen utilization from the mineral fertilizer, which was distinctly shown by the smaller amount of Nmin in the soil after the maize harvest.
В труде приводятся данные касающиеся борьбы с персиковой тлей (Myzus persicae Sulz. ) и с тлей тепличной хризантемы ( Neomyzus ciroumflexum Beckt.). Для борьбы использовали ряд пестицидов в виде фумигантов, аэрозолей и жидкостей для опрыскивания. Наиболее эффективным действием отличались пестициды примененные в виде опрысков (табл. 3). Подобно высокую эффективность наблюдали при применении смеси пестицидов в виде аэрозолей (табл. 2). Наиболее слабые эффекты были получены при применении пестицидов в виде фумигантов (табл. 1). Тли вида Neomyzus circumflexum оказались мало восприимчивыми к опрыскиванию исследуемыми пестицидами (табл. 4). Грибной пестицидный препарат (Верталек) базирующий на Verticillium lecani оказался неэффективным в борьбе с персиковой тлей поражающей хризантему (табл. 6 и 7).
In pot experiments conducted on cucumber cv. Śremski F1, the effect was studied of short-term chilling stress on plants which had grown from seeds germinating in the solution of Asahi SL or treated with this biostimulator during the early growth period. The plants were grown in a phytotron at an air temperature of 27/22ºC (day/night), using fluorescent light with FAR flux density of 220 μmol x m-2 x s-1 and with a photoperiod of 16/8. The biostimulator was applied using the following methods: a) germination of seeds in 0.01% and 0.05% solution, b) watering of plants twice with 0.01% or 0.05% solution, c) spraying leaves with 0.3% or 0.5% solution. Plants sprayed with distilled water were the control. After 24 hours from foliar or root application of Asahi SL, one half of the plants from each experimental series was treated for a period of 3 days at a temperature of 12/6ºC, with all the other growth conditions unchanged. The obtained results show that short-term chilling stress caused a significant increase in electrolyte leakage, free proline content and in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase in leaves, but a decrease in the content of chlorophyll, its maximum fluorescence (Fm) and quantum yield (Fv/Fm), carotenoid content, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, leaf biomass and in the activity of catalase in leaves. Foliar or root application of Asahi SL in the pre-stress period decreased the values of the traits which increased as a result of chilling or increased those which decreased. Higher concentrations of the biostimulator solutions, applied using this method, were more effective. The application of the biostimulator during seed germination did not result in significant changes in the response of plants to chilling stress.
The studies were conducted in 2010–2011 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. The aim of the research was to determine the nature and degree of damages and histological changes in celeriac caused by herbicides that are not recommended for application in this crop, such as: bromoxynil, clopyralid, fluroxypyr, MCPA and tribenuron methyl. The herbicides were applied 2–3 weeks after transplanting in the field experiments and in the greenhouse tests at 3–4 leaves stage of celeriac. The herbicides were used at the maximum recommended doses allowed in cultivation of other plant species or reduced to 10 and 2%. Phytotoxicity of herbicides to celeriac was determined during the experiments. The height and biomass of celeriac leaves were measured in the greenhouse tests. Plant material, which had been collected from the experiments, was subjected to macroscopic observation regarding morphological changes of leaves, and microscope evaluation of damages caused to leaf tissues. It has been proved that the examined herbicides can cause damages to celeriac and degree of damages depends on herbicide dose. Clopyralid, fluroxypyr and tribenuron methyl used at the highest doses caused higher crop damages than bromoxynil and MCPA. The symptoms were also observed during histological analysis. High damages of above ground parts of celeriac decreased yields in particular after application of tribenuron methyl and fluroxypyr.
Field experiments were carried out at the Didactic and Experimental Farm in Swadzim (52°26’ N; 16°45’ E) near Poznań in the years 2004-2007. The experiment was carried out in a „split-plot” design with 3 experimental factors and 4 field replications. Two cultivars were studied, 6 doses of nitrogen, one dose of magnesium and the method of fertilizer application were investigated. The content of total protein and N-free extract in the dry matter of grain depends exclusively on the level of nitrogen fertilization. As far as ash content is concerned, it was found that the value of this feature depends only on the cultivar factor. The contents of raw fibre and raw fat were not determined by any of the experimental factors. A higher yield of total protein was obtained from the hybrid LG 2244 in comparison with Anjou 258. Analysis of the amount of nitrogen fertilization has shown that the significantly highest yield of protein was obtained for a dose of 90 kg N.ha⁻¹. On the other hand, a further increase in nitrogen dose caused a significant breakdown of this feature value. Magnesium fertilization amount and the method of its application did not exert any effect on the yield of total protein. The concentration of net energy was not affected by any experimental factors, while the yield of grain net energy was determined by the amount of nitrogen fertilization. The yield of digestible protein depended in a significant way on the cultivar factor and on nitrogen fertilization.
Field experiment was carried out on the Didactic and Experimental Farm in Swadzim (52°26’ N; 16°45’ E) near Poznań, in the years 2004-2007. The three-factorial experiment was established in “split-plot” design with 4 replications. The reaction of two maize hybrid types on the application of 6 nitrogen doses and magnesium fertilization was studied. The influence of the studied factors on the content of chloroplast pigments in maize leaf blades in the phase of ear blooming (BBCH 67) was estimated. A greater content of chlorophyll a and a + b expressed in SPAD units was found in maize leaf blades of the stay-green type, as compared with leaf blades of the conventional Anjou 258 hybrid. Concentration of chlorophyll a and a + b was increasing in a linear way in the nitrogen range from 0 to 120 kg N·ha⁻¹, while the amount of chlorophyll expressed in SPAD units ranged from 0 to 150 kg N·ha⁻¹. The stay-green type hybrid showed to be better nourished with nitrogen, on the basis of chlorophyll content in maize leaf blades, in the phase of ear blooming (BBCH 67), in comparison with the conventional hybrid and, at the same time, a lower nitrogen fertilization was needed. A simultaneous fertilization with magnesium increased the content of chloroplast pigments, in comparison with the application of nitrogen only. With the increase in the assimilation area of a single maize plant and of a maize stand (LAI indicator), the chlorophyll concentration in leaf blades was decreasing in a linear way.
On plots under barley culture from seeds treated and untreated with the fungicidal preparation Oxafun T, the total numbers of oligotrophic and copiotrophic bvacteria, as well as the numbers methylotrophic and Pseudomonas bacteria, were determined in rhizosphere and in non-rhizosphere soil. It has been found that in non-rhizosphere soil the application of the seed dressing did not significantly change the mean number of the studied bacteria for the period of barley culture. It, however, contributed to proliferation of these microorganisms in rhizosphere zone. Rhizosphere effect of barley was increased to the degree dependent on the group of determined bacteria.
Field studies were carried out at the Didactic and Experimental Farm in Swadzim near Poznań in the years 2004-2007 (52°26’ N; 16°45’ E). The experiment was carried out in a „split-plot” design with 3 factors in 4 field replications. Two cultivars were studied: Anjou 258 and LG 2244 (stay-green type), six nitrogen doses were used: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 kg N·ha⁻¹ and doses of magnesium: 0 kg Mg·ha⁻¹, 15 kg Mg·ha⁻¹ (in rows) and 15 kg Mg·ha⁻¹ (broadcasting), in the form of kieserite. Effects of these factors on the yield of maize grown for grain were estimated. A better hybrid in growing maize for grain has shown to be the cultivar of stay-green type. The dose of nitrogen modified grain yield, harvest index and the yield elements of maize. The applied fertilization with magnesium caused grain yield increase, decreasing at the same time the level of fertilization with nitrogen. Magnesium application by broadcasting was a more effective method.
The experiments were carried out in 2001–2002. Young plants of Tagetes patula were growed in pots in peat substrate. Plants were sprayed or soil drenched with B-Nine, Cycocel and Topflor. All the retardants were applied 1-3 times with a 2 weeks interval. The plants were planted in the field in May. After-effect of B-Nine and Cycocel applied to leaves was observed to the end of experiment. Cycocel and Topflor used directly to peat-substrate retarded growth of plants the strongest. Cycocel and B-Nine applied twice in 0.2% concentration directly to peat-substrate stimulated flowering of plants.
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