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A series of new benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and tested in vitro for possible anticancer activity. Their effect of proliferation into selected tumor cell lines at normoxia and hypoxia conditions was determined by WST-1 test. Additionally, apoptosis test (caspase 3/7 assay) was used to check the mode caused by the agents of cell death. Four of the examined compounds (7, 8, 13, 11) showed a very good antiproliferative effect and three of them were specific for hypoxia conditions (8, 14, 11). Compound 8 was the most cytotoxic against human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells at hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia/ normoxia cytotoxic coefficient of compound 14 (4.75) is close to hypoxia/normoxia cytotoxic coefficient of tirapazamine (5.59) - a reference compound in our experiments and this parameter locates it between mitomycin C and 2-nitroimidazole (misonidazole). Screening test of caspase-dependent apoptosis proved that exposure to A549 cells of compounds 7-8 and 13-14 for 48 h promote apoptotic cell death. These results supplement our earlier study of the activity of new potentialy cytotoxic heterocyclic compounds against selected tumor cells.
 Little was known about biological activities of compounds from the medicinal mushroom of the genus Pholiota. A lectin from the Pholiota adiposa has now been isolated and its properties tested. The isolation procedure included ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, and fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration (FPLC) on Superdex 75. The lectin was composed of two identical subunits, each with a molecular mass of 16 kDa. Its N-terminal amino-acid sequence showed little similarity to sequences of other Agaricales lectins. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was stable at temperatures up to 50oC, and in NaOH and HCl solutions with concentrations less than 25 mM. It was inhibited by inulin (12.5-200 mM), but enhanced by Cu2+ (6.25-25 mM), Fe2+ (12.5-25 mM), and Al3+ (6.25-25 mM) ions. The lectin showed antiproliferative activity toward hepatoma Hep G2 cells and breast cancer MCF7 cells with an IC50 of 2.1 μM and approximately 3.2 μM, respectively. It exhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 1.9 μM. When compared with P. aurivella lectin, the only Pholiota lectin published to date, P. adiposa lectin differs in chromatographic behavior, molecular mass, N-terminal sequence, and effect of cations on hemagglutinating activity. In the case of the lectin from P. aurivella, its antifungal, antiproliferative, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities have not been determined.
Phenolic extracts of apple and carrot juices and apple and carrot tissue, and selected pure compounds were examined for their ability to decrease the viability of human colon cancer cells (HT29 and LoVo) in vitro. In addition, apple and carrot juices were supplemented with phloretin and chlorogenic acid, respectively, to simulate genetically modified products with enhanced levels of these phytochemicals and screened as described above. Amongst the pure compounds tested, phloretin was shown to have the greatest effect on the viability of both cell lines. Here we report that phloretin has a marked effect on the survival of colon cancer cells at concentrations as low as 50 μmol/L, and therefore shows significant anticarcinogenic potential. With regard to the effect of the phenolic extracts of apple and carrot tissue, that from transgenic carrot decreased cell viability by as much as 20% at the highest concentration (200 μg/mL). Phenolic extracts of control carrot and control apple tissue had little effect. However similar extracts of apple juice supplemented with either 500 or 1000 μmol/L phloretin reduced the survival of LoVo cells to 10% and showed marked activity at 100 μmol/L. Apple juice alone did not reduce cell viability, probably because the concentration of phloretin was too low. This information supports the recommendation that consumers should be encouraged to eat more fruit and vegetables, especially those containing compounds such as phloretin. There is also potential for food producers and manufacturers to develop products with enhanced flavonoid content, either by conventional breeding, transgenically or by supplementation.
A novel protease with a molecular mass of 15 kDa was purified from fresh fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom Amanita farinosa. The purification protocol entailed anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, cation exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The protease was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose but adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and SP-Sepharose. It demonstrated a single 15-kDa band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) and a 15-kDa peak in gel filtration. The optimal pH and optimal temperature of the protease were pH 8.0 and 65 °C, respectively. Proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells was inhibited by the protease with an IC50 of 25 µM. The protease did not have antifungal or ribonuclease activity.
Anti-proliferative activity was investigated of C18:2 9cis,11trans (conjugated linoleic acid – CLA) isomer isolated from sheep milk fat. The research was conducted on sheep milk fatty acids in natural composition (FA-1) containing 2.0% of the C18:2 9cis,11trans CLA isomer and preparation enriched with CLA, containing up to 9.2% of the CLA isomer (FA-2). The process of enrichment of FA-1 was carried out in two steps. Step I was to remove mid-chain-length saturated fatty acids, primarily C16,by forming adducts with urea (to obtain FA-U), while in step II the short-chain acids were removed by way of supercritical extraction with CO2. The final preparation obtained (FA-2) contained 9.2% of the C18:2 9cis,11trans isomer. A natural sheep milk fatty acid composition (FA-1), the CLA-enriched product (FA-2) and a commercial CLA preparation (CP) were tested for anti-proliferative activity against the cells of human cervical carcinoma (KB), and leukaemia (HL-60). The ID50 dose (resulting in a 50% inhibition of cell proliferation) of FA-2 was found lower than that of the CP preparation. The SRB test showed.
Research into potential anticancer agents has shown that 2-methoxyestradiol exerts antiproliferative activity in vitro and in vivo in an estrogen receptor-independent manner. Due to its limited biological accessibility and rapid metabolic degradation, several new analogues have been developed in recent years. This study investigated the in vitro effects of a novel in silicodesigned compound (C16) in an estrogen receptor-positive breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (MCF-7), an estrogen receptor-negative breast adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (MDA-MB-231) and a nontumorigenic breast cell line (MCF-12A). Light microscopy revealed decreased cell density, cells blocked in metaphase and the presence of apoptotic characteristics in all three cell lines after exposure to C16 for 24 h. Polarizationoptical transmitted light differential interference contrast revealed the presence of several rounded cells and decreased cell density. The xCELLigence real-time label-independent approach revealed that C16 exerted antiproliferative activity. Significant inhibition of cell growth was demonstrated after 24 h of exposure to 0.2 μM C16 in all three cell lines. However, the non-tumorigenic MCF-12A cell line recovered extremely well after 48 h when compared to the tumorigenic cell lines. This indicates that C16 acts as an antiproliferative agent, possesses antimitotic activity and induces apoptosis in vitro. These features warrant further investigation.
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