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The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB1) on total antioxidant status (TAS). The studies were conducted on Wistar male rats weighing 190-200 g. The animals were given for 7 d varied doses of AFB1, from 0.5 mg/kg b.w. to 2 mg/kg b.w. TAS and concentration of uric acid were determined in blood serum. The administration of AFB1 caused a decrease in TAS value, the most significant in the rats, which received the highest dose. AFB₁ disturbed the second line of defence against free radicals, which was proved by an increase in the second line defence antioxidant, i.e. uric acid.
The hitherto studies on the effect of cadmium on plants have shown that it causes intensification of two types of unfavorable processes in plants: inactivation of macromolecules and cellular structures and induction of oxidative stress. In response, the plant organism activates processes restoring its homeostasis, i.e. those which remove reversible and irreversible changes. In removing the former a particular role is played by the antioxidative system containing enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, and removing the active forms of oxygen. The strategy of stress tolerance plays an important role in the plant resistance to cadmium and other toxic metals.
This paper reviews plant ascorbate peroxidases (APX), an important part of the antioxidative system, maintaining the balance and uninterrupted functioning of the plant cell. The main role of APXs is to control the hydrogen peroxide concentration in cells. In reaction the enzymes use ascorbate as an electron donor. The active site is highly conserved by every member of the APX family. APXs belong to class I of the superfamily of bacterial, fungal and plant peroxidases. All the isoforms differ from each other in molecular weight, optimal pH, stability, substrate specificity, localization and level of response to specific stress conditions. It is suggested, however, that the responsible genes originated from one common gene by multiple duplication events followed by natural selection.
The research has been performed on roots of Vitis vinifera, cv. Himrod, obtained from seedlings grown under chill stress conditions (+10oC in the day and +7oC at night), under optimum conditions (+25oC in the day and +18oC at night) and from seedling which underwent a recover period after the chill stress treatment. The purpose of the study has been to determine quantitative and qualitative changes in phenolic compounds as well as to demonstrate changes in antiradical properties of extracts from grapevine roots, which appeared as a result of chill stress and during recovery under the optimum conditions following the stress. Phenolic compounds from grapevine roots were extracted using 80% acetone. The total content of phenolics was determined by colorimetry. The content of tannins was tested by precipitation with bovine serum albumin. The reducing power as well as DPPH• free radical and ABTS+• cation radical scavenging activity of the extracts were also tested. In order to identify phenolic compounds present in the extracts the RP-HPLC technique was employed. The tested material was found to contain tannins and three identified phenolic acids: ferulic, caffeic and p-coumaric ones. The latter occurred in the highest concentrations (from 4.46 to 6.28 µg/g fresh matter). Ferulic acid appeared in smaller amounts (from 1.68 to 2.65 µg/g fresh matter), followed by caffeic acid (from 0.87 to 1.55 µg/g fresh matter). Significantly less total phenolic compounds occurred in roots of seedlings subjected to chill stress. However, the total content of these compounds increased significantly in roots of plants which underwent recovery after chill stress. Concentration of tannins was determined by two methods. The content of condensed tannins was depressed in roots as a result of low temperature stress, whereas the content of condensed and hydrolysing tannins (determined via the BSA method) rose under chill stress conditions. A significant increase in tannins in root extracts (determined with both methods) was found during the recovery process after the stress. The three identified phenolic acids appeared in grapevine roots as ester-bound compounds. It has been demonstrated that the content of phenolic acids significantly fell as a result of low temperatures, but increased during recovery after chill stress. The weakest ability to scavenge DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals as well as the reducing power were shown by the extract obtained from grapevine roots from the seedlings subjected to chill stress. Both free radical scavenging activity and reducing power were observed to increase considerably during recovery after stress. This seems to prove that during the recovery process following chill stress the synthesis of antioxidative compounds in grapevine roots is much more intensive.
Various studies of the components of the antioxidant protection system of microalgae D. armatus under the influence of osmotic stress and active forms of oxygen will allow to develop methods for controlling carotenogenesis in a given culture and to obtain carotenoid enriched feed for zooplankton. These studies made it possible to evaluate the activity of catalase, peroxidase enzymes in cells that are cultured under the induction of carotenogenesis by free radical oxidation promoters and osmotic stress on the background of physiological changes. It is established that under these conditions, there is an increase in volumes and aggregation of vegetative cells. At the same time, the amount of biomass remains at the level of the first day of inductors application. Against the background of a decrease in growth activity, a decrease in the number of metabolically active cells in cytochrome oxidase was observed. It is also shown that, when iron sulfate is introduced with hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride against the background of enhanced carotenogenesis, antioxidant systems are activated by increasing the activity of catalase and peroxidase. Under such conditions, it is possible to achieve increased production of carotenoids in Desmodesmus armatus culture.
This review deals with selected recently used analytical methods for determining the antioxidant activity of compounds being investigated as well as total antioxidant capacity of the biological samples.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, differing with respect to the efficiency of antioxidating system and activity of mitochondrial processes, was used in the experiment. Sensitivity of these cells to 40-min incubation with sodium nitrate (V) was determined. Respiratory-competent cells deprived of the main antioxidating enzymes and the cells subjected to oxidative stress generated by antimycin A showed a greater sensitivity to sodium nitrate (V) than the cells deprived of functional mitochondria or the cells taken during the stationary phase of growth. The obtained results show that reactive oxygen species do not play an important part in the mechanisms of toxicity induced by the presence of sodium nitrates (V) in the case of cells with oxygen metabolism.
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