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Enterococci are found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, in soil, and in water, but they also have a long history of use in the production of traditional fermented food. Some strains of enterococci are considered as emerging pathogens of humans. The intrinsic and acquired resistance of enterococci to antibiotics has special significance. Food of animal origin may be a source of resistant enterococci. The main cause of food contamination with enterococci is improper cleaning and disinfection of equipment. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of enterococci isolated from different types of food of animal origin and the ability of these microorganisms to form biofilm. Out of a total of 63 isolates, relatively few enterococci were resistant to gentamicin (1.59%). The highest level of resistance was noted for vancomycin (7.94%) and ampicillin (9.52%). However as many as 19.05% and 44.44% of enterococci were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. The ability to form biofilm was detected in 14.29% of the strains of enterococci tested.
The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter spp in aborted sheep fetuses in Diyarbakýr and its vicinity. The bacteria were isolated by conventional methods. Biochemical, growth and tolerance characteristics of the organism were used to identify the isolates. A total of 100 aborted fetuses from 25 different locations were investigated and 10 (10%) yielded Campylobacter spp. Of the isolated bacteria, 7 (7%) were C. fetus subsp. fetus and 3 (3%) were C. jejuni. All isolates were resistant to penicillin and susceptible to enrofloxacin; 9 isolates were intermediately susceptible to streptomycin, 8 isolates were intermediately susceptible to tetracycline and susceptible to gentamycin and neomycin and 7 isolates were susceptible to erythromycin.
The aim of the study was to assess the susceptibility of 103 Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs in Poland in the years 2000-2007 to 12 ß-lactam antibiotics. The in vitro susceptibility of the bacteria to seven selected cephalosporins of all generations and to five penicillins was tested by means of a disk diffusion method following the criteria and recommendations provided by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The strains varied greatly in regard to their in vitro susceptibility- to ß-lactam antibiotics. The strains were found to be relatively highly susceptible to the third and fourth generation cephalosporins, while being generally resistant to the first generation cephalosporins and most penicillins. Taking into account the wide spread of Y. enterocolitica, in particular in the pig population, but also among other animal species, which creates an increasing risk to the public health, it is deemed necessary to systematically monitor the susceptibility of Y. enterocolitica strains to antibiotics.
Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from nasal swabs and lungs of pigs, to 16 commonly used antibiotics, was determined by disc diffusion test, ß-lactams showed the best activity against Streptococcus suis (S. suis) (> 99% of susceptible strains). The lowest sensitivity of S. suis was evidenced to: tylosin, tetracycline and neomycin (50%, 40% and 25%, respectively). Isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) demonstrated the highest susceptibility to cephalosporin (85% strains), gentamicin and norfloxacin (over 74%). The lowest susceptibility of E. coli was demonstrated to tiamulin and penicillin (11.3% and 1.9%, respectively). Over 80% of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The highest resistance of App, but demonstrated by below 20% of tested isolates only, was evidenced to neomycin and LxS. Isolates of Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Haemophilus parasuis (Hps) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (A. pyogenes) were highly susceptible to the most antibiotics included in the analysis. The comparison of the in vitro susceptibility of pathogens to the chemotherapeutics used on Polish farms for the therapy of bacterial infection of pigs within the last five years and the last 10 years, showed an increasing percent of E. coli and S. suis strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics. It is also shown that Pm, Hps, App and A. pyogenes isolates were continuously susceptible to the most chemotherapeutics applied.
We have reported a bacterial infection in a dog with progressive dysplasia of the hips. Orthopedic surgery was performed. Seven weeks prior to the surgery, the patient was bitten by another dog. The postimplantation wound exuded for four days after the surgery. Microbiological analysis performed by standard identification techniques showed the presence of Staphylococcus intermedins, but an additional molecular analysis indicated S. pseudintermedius. This was followed by an evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of the strain which showed cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, doksycycline, erythromycin, and gentamicin resistance. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for selected antibiotics were reported. Resistance for cefoxitin indicates that methicillin resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains were present in individual macroorganisms, but they can expand and persist the colonization of other hosts.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on photosensitizers activated by light of appropriate wavelength. Their activation leads to generation of singlet oxygen and free radicals responsible for the cytotoxic effect. The aim of this project was to compare the bactericidal effect of PDT using different porphyrin photosensitizers against a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. Exogenous sensitizers (protoporphyrin IX and newly synthesized derivative, protoporphyrin diarginate) induced a 3 log10-unit reduction in bacterial viable counts. With the use of endogenous, ALA-induced porphyrins, a 1.6 log10-unit reduction was obtained. The sensitizers tested executed their antibacterial activity with no essential change in the antibiotic resistance pattern of the studied strain.
The aim of this study was to describe a case of skin lesions with haemorrhaging in a carp (Cyprinus carpio) hatchery farm and to determine effective antibiotic treatments. In the macroscopic examinations of nine carp with haemorrhagic skin lesions, brown or red spotted skin changes of a varying degree were found, along their bodies. No lesions were observed in the internal organs. Pure cultures of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from the skin, kidney, heart, and liver of the carp. All of the isolates were found to be susceptible to danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, neomycin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin. Treatment of A. hydrophila infection was carried out by applying trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for 3 d at 10 g/ton of pool water.
Thirty nine isolates of Escherichia coli, twenty two isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and sixteen isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract infected patients were analyzed by antimicrobial susceptibility typing and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by microdilution and E Test methods. From the antibiotic susceptibility, ten patterns were recorded (four for E. coli, three for K. pneumoniae and three for P. aeruginosa respectively). Furthermore, genotyping showed seventeen RAPD patterns (seven for E. coli, five for K. pneumoniae and five for P. aeruginosa respectively). In this study, differentiation of strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa from nosocomial infection was possible with the use of RAPD.
Proteus mirabilis isolates (n=177), collected between 1996 and 2000 in four hospitals in the West Pomeranian area of Poland, were characterized by antibiotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The selected isolates were collected from different wards (intensive care unit, surgery, internal medicine, and urology). The strains were cultured from various specimen types, mostly from urine, wound samples, bronchial exudates and sputa. The identification was done by biochemical test ID 32E ATB (bioMerieux). Analysis of PFGE patterns was based on comparison of the banding patterns obtained by PFGE of chromosomal DNA digested with SHI enzyme. Among all P. mirabilis isolates tested three major genotypes A (A1-A7), B (B1-B4), C (C1-C5) and 71 unique patterns were identified. The same genotypes were obtained from different patients, treated in different wards and hospitals during a 5-year period. The strains which belonged to the genotypes A and B were multiresistant and most of them produced ESBL; genotype C was more sensitive to antibiotics.
The aim of the study was to describe bilateral exophthalmos "pop eye syndrome" in rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) fisheries in the Konya region and to determine effective antibiotic treatments. Between June 2002 and August 2004, 180 ill fish were obtained from 6 rainbow trout fisheries where the disease had been observed. Lactococcus garvieae strains were isolated from fish tissues during different periods. All the isolates were found susceptible to penicillin-G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, ampicillin+sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, cefoperazone, sulbactam/cefoperazone, and novobiocin. It seems that β- lactam antibiotics are preferred in the treatment of L. garvieae infection in the rainbow trout farms.
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