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The aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of xerothermic species of vascular plants in the lower San River valley and the relationship between their density and the intensity of selected environmental (natural and anthropogenic) factors. Xerothermic species occurred more frequently in the present valley floor compared to the glacial terrace. Within the present valley, the highest density was observed in the floodplain. The examined species also occurred more often on steep slopes of the valley, at the margins of the present valley terraces, and in the area of occurrence of aeolian sands. Moreover, a positive correlation has been found between the number of xerothermic species and the area of polyhemeroby ecosystems. The distribution of xero- and thermophilous species is determined by natural edaphic and geomorphological factors as well as anthropogenic ones (land use, lowering of the groundwater level as a result of river regulation).
The objective of the study was to determine the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in the immediate neighbourhood of illegal waste dumps and to determine the mutual relations among the particular PAHs as well as the relations between PAH and humus of a group of soils with natural and anthropogenically increased content of those compounds. Soil samples for the determinations were taken in the immediate neighbourhood of illegal dumping grounds of municipal wastes and materials that are predominantly construction materials. The collected soil material was used to determine the grain size composition of the soils, their reaction, content of organic matter and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the method of high-efficiency liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The study revealed numerous instances of exceeding standard levels of individual PAHs as well as of their total content. Application of statistical analysis of concentrations permitted the division of the objects studied into two groups differing notably in the level of individual PAHs as well as in their total concentration. In the group of objects that were classified as non-contaminated, the existence of positive, statistically significant correlation was found between the total concentration of PAHs and the content of humus compounds, while in the group of contaminated objects the correlation was statistically non-significant.
The studies were conducted to determine the impact of the anthropogenic factors in the form of horticultural cultivation and urban environment on soils of allotment and household gardens and the role of humus substance in binding heavy metals and the distribution of elements in a soil profile. The research covered the area of south-eastern Poland, where 3 cities were selected for sandy soils and 3 for silty soils. The high enrichment factor of humus horizons for Cd, Cr and Ni was observed in sandy soils but it was lower in the silty soils. Significant negative correlation coefficients between fractional composition of humus and content of Cd, Cr and Ni were only observed in sandy soils. There were no significant relations in terms of the content of mercury.
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The observation of the rapid rate of plant cover transformation caused by urbanization and agricultural technology was the inspiration for undertaking the study in rural areas. The study was carried out in the Sandomierz Basin in four typical villages with varying degrees of the anthropogenic impact. The changes observed included: Koszyce Małe – evident transformation of fields and meadows into building land; Kolbuszowa Dolna – intensive changes in land use, abandonment of fields and meadows, and river regulation; Roźwienica – emergence of new habitats for plant colonization after reclamation of land previously occupied by a brick factory and a landfill; Krzeczowice – intensive crop cultivation and unchanged land use. In 2009–2010, floristic investigations with the patrol method were carried out in these areas. The historical-geographical classification and indices of the anthropogenic changes of the flora were employed in the analysis. Substantially, domination of synanthropic species over non-synanthropic spontaneophytes was noted in the analysed floras. In the synanthropic species group, the proportion of apophytes was 3-fold higher than that of anthropophytes. Archaeophytes were more abundant than kenophytes. The flora of Krzeczowice, an area affected by long-term anthropopressure, was by approx. 30% less abundant than that in the other villages; it was also characterised by the highest synanthropization index, apophytization index, and index of apophytism of spontaneophytes. In turn, the flora found in Kolbuszowa Dolna was rich due to the presence of a wide variety of habitats; it was characterised by the lowest apophytization index accompanied by the highest anthropophization index.
This paper discusses the concentrations of heavy metals in soils at 6 sites of historic metal ore mining activities in the Sudety Mts. The main aim was to illustrate the difficulties in assessing if soil enrichment in metals originated from natural or anthropogenic factors. Such an ability to distinguish the difference is required by Polish legislation concerning the need for reclamation. Waste material collected from mine spoils usually contained very high amounts of some heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and As: up to 9940, 13600, 6150, 17600, and 40600 mg kg⁻¹, respectively). Also the soils considered as natural contained high concentrations of metals, with maximum values for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and As: 3430, 2090, 3660, 4400, and 11500 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, usually exceeding many times the typical soil values and soil quality standards. Metal concentrations in the sesoils indicated strong spatial diversity. We concluded that the enrichment by heavy metals was apparently of mixed origin, both natural and anthropogenic, with unknown contributions by each factor. Additional data, including metal solubility, are needed for the assessment of the environmental risk and the need for reclamation.
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Analysis of temperature measurements in the Polesye and the republic in general revealed the presence of two warmings during the period of observations (~120 years). The warming of the 1930's is of radiation origin and relates to the atmospheric purification from volcanic powder. The heating took place in summer. Modem warming is that of winter type. Its origin is related to the increase of greenhouse gases content in the atmosphere. Changes in precipitation taking place for of many years are of great complexity. In the south part of the republic during the postwar period the amount of precipitation decreased by about 100 mm when compared to the preceding half-century. In the north Belarus a rise of precipitation for the past two decades is observed. The amelioration of southern areas of Belarus and the adjacent territories resulted in temperature variation in southern part of our state by 0.3-0.4 °C, precipitation by 10-35 mm in summer. Temperature and precipitation variation patterns differ in the first and second part of summer.Analysis of the range of daily temperature course, as well as temperature maxima and minima for big towns revealed anthropogenic "signal" that must stressed be while assessing variations in daily course ranges. Interpretation of the features of temperature variability in space and time in towns and suburbs was presented.
The aims of the paper are to present a list of vascular plants of the Wzgórza Łomnickie Hills (the Sudety Mts., SW Poland) and to explain the nature and consequences of main antropogenic and biogeographic influences on local flora. The detailed field exploration yielded a list of 585 species. Supplemented by both published sources and observations after 1980, the total number of vascular plant species reached the number of 615. To understand the essence of anthropogenic transformations of the local flora I examined biological spectrum of life forms, distribution type and groups of synanthropic plant contributions. The analysis shows qualitative and quantitative changes of flora composition. Non-indigenous species constitute 18.70% of total. The proportion among life form groups has changed and is being influenced by different types of human activity. The comparision of the local floras within similar regions in the Sudety Mts. revealed transformations in the contribution of different taxonomic units. It is the effect of the presence of numerous alien plants (e.g. non-indigenous species respectively constitute 40.7% and 20% of Brassicaceae and Scrophulariaceae) as well as a particular type of land usage (ponds development has considerably increased the percentage of Cyperaceae).
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