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This paper reports a study of the visitation of bats to Great Litworowa Cave (1,907 m a.s.l., Tatra Mts., southern Poland) during summer and autumn 1999–2005. A total 5,608 bats representing 11 of Poland's 25 species were captured. Myotis mystacinus predominated. Its activity at all times was high. However, the species composition and number of other bats changed seasonally. Swarming activity lasted between July and November, peaking in late July and August. Nightly activity peaked between 22.00 and 02.00 hrs and then gradually decreased toward dawn. Strong male bias was observed. Myotis mystacinus showed regular changes in sex and age ratios. Rare species such as M. bechsteinii, M. emarginatus, and Vespertilio murinus were recorded. This cave is the highest locality of M. bechsteinii and M. brandtii in Europe. Some behavioural observations including copulation, drinking and daylight activity were recorded. The role of swarming activity is discussed in light of the findings. Some observations suggest that this activity of bats is connected with mating; some other observations provide evidence that the function of swarming is also to facilitate the location of mates and/or to assess suitable hibernacula.
This study discusses the popularity of meat from traditional and alternative poultry species in the catering industry. Data for analysis was obtained directly from questionnaires filled out by persons who were responsible for the selection of food ingredients in catering establishments. The respondents were asked about the use of traditional and alternative poultry species in their restaurants and the effect of menu items containing alternative poultry meat on business results. Chicken meat was the most popular type of poultry that was served by all surveyed facilities (100%), followed by turkey meat (83%). The meat of alternative poultry species, including quail and helmeted guineafowl (43%) and pheasant (20%), was less frequently served on account of its lower popularity among consumers and a high price. The average price per serving was determined at PLN 13.16 for chicken, PLN 32.15 for quail, PLN 31.77 for pheasant and PLN 30.00 for guineafowl. Despite the fact that the meat of alternative poultry species is rarely served by catering establishments, nearly 75% of the surveyed facilities claimed that its presence in the menu improves business results.
The Słupia River in the urbanized section within the limits of Słupsk was investigated in terms of lamprey fish presence. Among 25 studied sampling sites only 5 were inhabited by the discussed species in autumn and 4 in summer, all in the very center of the city. The investigated lamprey fish representatives preferred slightly transformed sites with considerable water oxygenation and fast water flow. No L. planeri representatives were noticed up the Szczecin-Gdańsk bridge, therefore its frequency reached 16% in summer and 20% in autumn. During the summer study 5 representa-tives of the brook lamprey were noticed, while in autumn 10, with no distinct sexual features but with developed suckers and fins, which indicated the metamorphosis starting in summer and last-ing until the next year spring spawning. The caught brook lampreys were between 130 and 176 mm long and weighed from 0.9 to 14.7 g. Average length and biomass were higher in autumn and reached consequently 156 mm and 6.3 g comparing to 142 mm and 1.2 g in spring.
Fatty acid (FA) composition of eggs from nine poultry species was determined chromatographically.Twenty six FAs were determined in the lipid composition of eggs. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in egg yolks. Oleic acid (C18:1 n9) was the major MUFA in egg yolk and, palmitic acid (C16:0) was the major SFA in nine of all different originated eggs. Linoleic acid (C18:2 n6),arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6) and linolenic acid (C18:3 n3), reached the highest levels among the PUFAs. SFA/PUFA ratios were found to be 0.97, 2.51, 2.20, 1.46, 1.67, 1.40, 1.96, 1.27, and 1.34 in chicken, goose, duck, turkey, peacock, guinea fowl, pheasant, quail and partridge, respectively.Eggs of all nine species were found valuable for human consumption as fatty acids source, but the chicken’s egg occured to be the most beneficial to human health according to its highest omega 6 fatty acid (29.8%), highest PUFA / MUFA ratio (0.80) and lowest of SFA / PUFA ratio (0.97).
In some legal proceedings, the species identification of animal on the basis of fragments of biological material is extremely difficult. This applies both to closely-related and to distant species characterized by similar morphological features. In such circumstances, methods of molecular biology are used, whose evidential value is definitely not in doubt. Histopathological scraps may also have to be used for identifying tests. The aim of the present study was to verify the possibility of using DNA analysis in determining the species of animals on the basis of biological material contained in archival histopathological samples. The examined material consisted of twenty-eight histopathological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The samples had been prepared from the liver, kidney, spleen, and skeletal muscles. Their age varied from one to seventeen years. Specimens (from twelve species) were identified by inputting sequences in the Barcode of Life Database species identification tool on the basis of the similarity percentage figure from the BOLD report. It was found that genetic tests can effectively identify animal species through the analysis of biological material from histopathological samples.
Species of the genus Mimastra Baly, 1865 with unmodified first protarsomere in male and black or metallic bands on elytra are reviewed and keyed. Four new species are described as new to science: M. hsuehleeae sp. nov. (Taiwan), M. laotica sp. nov. (Laos), M. fouqueorum sp. nov. (Thailand) and M. schneideri sp. nov. (Thailand). Mimastra modesta Fairmaire, 1889, M. birmanica Bryant, 1954 and M. tenuelimbata Lopatin, 2004 are redescribed. Mimastra grahami Gressitt Kimoto, 1963 is resurrected from synonymy with M. malvi Chen, 1942. The status of Mimastra kremitovskyi Bezděk, 2009 is discussed. Colour photos of habitus, drawings of genitalia and identification key are presented.
Background. Hatching is a process in which the embryo emerges from the egg by breaking the protective egg shell. Our preliminary observations indicate that hatching duration and time-distribution may vary among and within the fish species, and that some embryos fail to hatch or hatch incompletely, probably due to the “incorrect” hatching way. So the aim of this study was a detailed description of hatching of three fish species: common carp, barbel, and rainbow trout. Materials and methods. Three species of fish: common carp, Cyprinus carpio; barbel, Barbus barbus; and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; were examined for their hatching modes. The mode and the time of hatching of each larva were noted. Newly hatched larvae were counted and examined. The malformations were classified. Observations of embryos and larvae were done using the stereoscopic microscope Nikon connected to the computer with the MultiScan 8.4 image analysis system; the hatching embryos and larvae were photographed. Results. Three modes of hatching were observed, two of them similar in all three fish species. Some fish started hatching tail first from the egg shell, others head first or—specifically for barbel—yolk sac first. The data obtained in the present study showed that tail hatching was the most successful in all fish species, and shown by most good quality larvae. The majority of tail-hatched larvae developed normally and were viable, and only some of them were deformed and showed slight morphological defects, mainly single vertebral malformations that in most cases were negligible. Head hatching was the precarious in carp, and in all fish species less common and successful comparing to the tail hatching. Conclusion. The hatching mode could be used as another good parameter for estimation of quality of eggs and larvae.
One specimen (TL = 532 mm, W = 662 g) of the yellowmouth barracuda, Sphyraena viridensis, was caught by an angler on 3 August 2008 in front of the Port of Rijeka (Northern Adriatic). Being caught at the geographic latitude of 45°17′N, makes this record the northernmost occurrence of this species in the Mediterranean.
The growth of the scale radius was followed in seven fish species (roach, bream, rudd, humped rockcod, perch, halibut, and zander). The results obtained by analyzing a total of 11304 individuals were compared with corresponding data on the standard length growth of each species. The mathematical description of growth was done with the following six models: the von Bertalanffy equation, the Ford-Walford formula, the second order polynomial, the Gompertz model, the power function, and the modified power function. Data on length growth and length growth versus scale radius growth, which were used to determine the scale radius growth of each species, were taken from the literature. The growth of both the scale radius and body length of the species analyzed was fairly uniform: the increment ratios, averaged for the entire growth period, were close to 0.9. However, slightly higher values, hence more uniform growth, were recorded in radius growth (0.93) than in fish length growth (0.90). The fish length increments in the first two years of life were lower than the scale radius increments during the same time.
The species of the genus Scirtes Illiger, 1807 (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Argentina are revised. Seven species are recognized: S. adustus Boheman, 1858, S. caraguata sp. nov., S. dentatus sp. nov., S. diversenotatus Pic, 1930, S. gallus sp. nov., S. helicoidalis sp. nov., and S. rufobinotatus Pic, 1922. S. postimpressus Pic, 1922 is proposed as a junior synonym of Scirtes rufobinotatus. Illustrations of dorsal habitus, male and female genitalia, and other diagnostic features are provided along with a key to the species.
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