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Feed-efficient ruminant production is a key topic in the further development of ruminant husbandry all over the world. Ruminants contribute substantially to human nutrition by production of milk and meat. They are also extremely useful for mankind by providing other important products and labour, such as skins, clothing, bones, dung, heating material, and working as draft animals, etc. The microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants are able to process lignocellulose from low quality roughage into volatile fatty acids and energy, to transfer non-protein nitrogen, such as urea, into microbial protein, and to synthesize B vitamins. Therefore, ruminants are able to produce food of animal origin without competition for feed with non-ruminants and man. On the other hand, gas methane (CH4 ) with a high greenhouse gas potential is an unavoidable by-product of rumen fermentation. Furthermore, growing ruminants are characterized by a low growing potential (daily yield in edible protein < 0.05% of body weight). The objectives of ruminant breeding, nutrition and keeping/management should, therefore, be to maximize/optimize the advantages of ruminants and to minimize their disadvantages. Feed-efficient ruminant production is viewed as a complex system starting with plant and animal breeding. More systemic approaches are considered necessary to understand interactions and to find acceptable solutions for complex relationships in the context of food security, resource efficiency, as well environmental, social and economic aspects.
The aim of this paper is to present the results of comparative evaluation of the usefulness of PCR and microscopic methods in the detection of processed animal protein in feedingstuffs. Out of 127 samples of feedingstuffs examined by microscopic method 82 (64.57%) were found to be positive. In comparing the results obtained by microscopic examination and PCR technique, it was found that both methods agreed in 67.7% giving 44 positive and 42 negative results. The rest results (32.3%) were not coincident. In the validation study, the limit of the detection for PCR was determined on 0.2% for beef and pork meat and bone meal (MBM) and 0.1% for poultry MBM. Analysing results received with the help of the microscopic method and PCR technique it is possible to state that the molecular biology methods can at present, be used as a supplementary method.
Background. The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional status and nutrition manner of children attending preschools located in Szczecin. Material and methods. The study was carried out in autumn 2008. The survey covered 105 children at the age 4-6 years. Information on home food intake was collected by parents, on the same days, the authors noted the kind and quantity of food eaten by the child in the preschool. Results. The results revealed that the nutritional status of more than half of the children was appropriate; however, one out of five children exhibited overweight or obesity. The analysed menus revealed that most nutrients were oversupplied in relation to the requirements. The intake of total protein, animal proteins, copper, as well as vitamins A, B2, and B6, exceeded the recommended levels more than twice. Other B-group vitamins, vitamin C, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium were supplied in a considerable surplus too. On the other hand, more than a half of the children received diets with insufficient amounts of calcium, potassium, iron and cholesterol. Conclusions. The dietary shortcomings we found may have a negative impact on the physical and mental development of the children and may increase a risk of diseases in their future adult life.
The aim of the present studies was to determine the changes in daily dietary supply of energy, total protein, animal protein, total fat and carbohydrates in pensioners’ households during beginning and stabilization of market economy in Poland, i.e. in the period of 1989-2004. The calculations were based on data from the Statistical Yearbooks of the Republic of Poland, sections “Household Budgets” from 1990-2005, published by the Central Statistical Office (CSO). Daily dietary supply of energy and fat in pensioners’ households was excessive over the study period (150% and 200% of reference intake, respectively). Superfluous dietary fat supply could have resulted from the fact that the method used for these studies did not account for fat losses during frying and 10% inevitable wastage, which might also have contributed to overestimation of percentage of the reference intake for protein and total carbohydrates. There was a declining tendency in supply of all nutrients and energy over the study period, with the largest decrease in carbohydrate supply and the smallest for protein.
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Proteins play an important role in body functioning. They can also be a good source of peptides with different activities. Such peptides are defined as biologically active (bioactive peptides). Bioactive peptides interact with proper body receptors and such an effect can be beneficial or not. Biopeptides as components of food with desired features have become an interesting issue for scientific research. Many of bioactive peptides are found in milk and dairy products, plant, animal and microbial proteins. They function mainly as inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme but there is a plenty of peptides derived from other sources that can even prevent chronic diseases. This paper focuses on peptides derived from different sources and their physiological role in the body as well as functional aspects of their application in food production. In this article we concentrate on the peptides exerting the following activities: affecting blood pressure, prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors, coeliac toxic, immunomodulating and opioid.
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