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Understanding factors that drive the choice of breeding habitats for birds is important for species management and conservation. We addressed this question in the case of the European Roller Coradas garrulus, an endangered species listed in Annex I of the European Union directive for bird conservation. For secondary hole-nesting birds, such as rollers, the breeding micro- and macrohabitat selection may rely on the location of the nest hole in a tree and its immediate surrounding environment as well as the larger scale foraging habitat. We used both of these criteria to compare the characteristics of Green Woodpecker Picus viridis holes that either were or were not occupied by breeding pairs of the European Roller. Our study was carried out in an agricultural landscape of southeastern France where the population of European Roller is trending towards an increase. When compared to unoccupied holes, occupied holes were at a lower height (approx. 6 m above ground) and were preferentially located in dead trees with other holes in close vicinity. Occupied holes were also located in landscapes with lower land use intensity (i.e., higher proportions of meadows, fallow lands, and fewer hedgerows and built areas) than non-occupied holes. Finally, fallow lands and meadows harboured more Orthoptera, an important food resource for rollers, than other land cover categories. Thus, our results highlight the importance of these land covers for the species management and indicate that they may be favourable areas for nest-box provisioning.
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Helicopsis striata in the Lower Odra valley

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Changes in bird populations can be described as simple changes in abundance or density of individuals or, in larger areas, as changes of distribution or population indices. Although these measures describe different aspects of population change, they are often used interchangeably when discussing the relationships between various predictors of bird population changes found in different studies. This hampers a meaningful comparison of results, because it is unclear which differences between studies are biologically relevant and which are just methodological artifacts, caused by the different nature of measures used to quantify population changes. We compared predictors of the three measures of population changes: (i) change in abundance, (ii) change in magnitude of population trend and (iii) change in distribution, using data collected in a single region, the Czech Republic, and over similar time periods. We also aimed to identify significant drivers of population changes of Czech birds, using a large set of predictor variables and virtually all species regularly breeding in the region. No significant predictors were common across the three measures of population change tested. Abundance increased mostly in forest birds, while the change in magnitude of population trend was positive in species with a higher level of legal protection and in r-selected species. Species extending their distribution include wetland birds, above-ground nesters and north European species. Although individual measures of population changes are positively correlated, their predictors are different. This limits possibilities of simple comparisons, but also offers a better insight into forces shaping bird population changes in time and space.
We developed broad-scale habitat use models for the distribution of the Iberian hare Lepus granatensis Rosenhaeur, 1856 and the relative abundance of the European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) in a mountainous area in north-western Spain, the Baixa Limia Site of Community Importance (SCI). For the Iberian hare, the most parsimonious model included average altitude, average slope, scrub-pasture area and length of border between scrublands and forests. Four variables were consequential, 2 of them with a positive sign for the presence of the hare (average altitude and scrubland area) and 2 with a negative one (average slope and length of border between scrubland and forest). For the European wild rabbit the most parsimonious General Linear model obtained included average altitude and scrub-forest edge. Only 2 predictors were consequential, both with a negative sign on the relative abundance of wild rabbits: the average altitude and length of border between scrubland and forest. The models obtained indicated the need of management actions to favour open habitats with suitable vegetation structure, avoiding extensive reforestation. A revision of the current hunting plans in the protected area of Baixa Limia is required.
New faunistic records concerning 36 species of the family Tenebrionidae in Poland are given. During investigations 4 new for the Mazurian Lakeland, 1 new for Mazovian Lowland and the Baltic Coast and 5 new for Podlasie were found.
Distribution of fish communities along the submountain river (upper Coruh River, Northeastern of Turkey) was assessed to evaluate course of the longitudinal pattern in fish species diversity. The watershed area of Coruh Basin is 21.000 km², river length 376 km and it flows into Black Sea in northeastern Turkey at average discharge of 149 m³ s⁻¹ (range: 45.2–1215 m³ s⁻¹). Fixed-site electrofishing sampling at five sites located 15–210 km from river source at 2100–950 m a.s.l (Q values ranged 5–200 m³ s⁻¹) was conducted from March 2001 to March 2002. A total of 12 species were collected. Number of species (8–10) did not differ among sites suggesting no longitudinal changes, but Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H`) increased downstream from 1.23 to 1.82. Two distinct fish assemblages were identified. Most abundant species were Leuciscus cephalus and Alburnoides bipunctatus. Both Oncorhynchus mykiss and Cyprinus carpio collected rarely are exotic fishes for Coruh River.
Distribution of Three-toed Woodpeckers and that of dead wood were mapped in two fragments of the Białowieża National Park (BNP) differing in their management history — primeval (old-growth stands of natural origin, no human intervention) and logged (as the former but subject to 80 years of commercial forestry). Data were collected during the breeding seasons 1999-2001. In the end of April 2000, the whole BNP was systematically searched; playbacks of drumming were used to enhance detection of birds. Presence/absence of Three-toed Woodpeckers and of dead wood (standing and downed Norway spruces and snags of other trees) were recorded within each forest sub-compartments (ca. 28 ha). Data from censuses done in smaller plots in 1975-1999 showed that in the primeval forest the woodpeckers bred twice more frequently in swampy and coniferous forests than in the oak-hornbeam habitat. These preferred habitat types covered larger areas in the logged fragment than in the primeval part (66% vs. 41%). Yet despite this, Three-toed Woodpeckers were recorded there over twice less frequently (14% of 176 sub-compartments) than in the primeval (36% of 164 sub-compartments) part. These differences followed sharp contrasts in the dead wood availability; all but one sub-compartments in the primeval fragment contained some form of dead wood, whereas dead spruces were missing in almost 30% of sub-compartments in the logged part. This was the effect of continuous "sanitary" logging, purposeful removal of dying and dead spruces from the Forest. To restore Three-toed Woodpecker habitats it is necessary to ban removal of dead spruces in the managed part of BNP. However, the BNP area is too small, to assure the long-term survival of the Białowieża Forest population. To achieve this, it is necessary to resign from removal of dying and dead spruces in the whole Polish part of the Białowieża Forest (600 km²). This would create breeding habitat for a maximum 260-320 pairs.
Fifteen new localities of the Ukrainian brook lamprey, Lampetra (Eudontomyzon) mariae, were found within 2008–2010. The majority of them are located in the Nida River drainage. Additionally, the occurrence of that species in the Strwiąż River, a tributary of the Dniester, was confirmed. The cluster analysis performed suggests, that L. mariae exhibits strong affinity to the stone loach, Barbatula barbatula, and the Eurasian minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus. We believe that the distribution of L. mariae on the territory of Poland seems to be strongly underestimated.
The paper undertakes problem of sheep grazing in the area of the Low Beskidy and Bieszczady. Currently only few flocks of milk and meat sheep are grazed in the area. Sheep are grazed both, on the private lands, usually bigger plots of pastures and fallows coming from the previous state farms and in Bieszczady and Magóry National Parks.
A population of Hydrobia sp. (Hydrobia ulvae Pennant and Hydrobia ventrosa Montagu) was studied in the Polish coastal zone (up to 3 nautical miles) of the Baltic Sea within the open coast of Polish Middle Pomerania. Abundance, wet biomass, and the frequency of Hydrobia were determined in the coastal waters, including estuaries of the Wieprza, Słupia, Łupawa, Łeba rivers and open coastal in the vicinity of Czołpino (Słowinski National Park) and Władysławowo. The frequency (F) of Hydrobia in the open coast of the Middle Pomerania amounted to 39%, while in the coastal zone of the open sea (Czołpino and Władysławowo) there were no snails. The abundance of Hydrobiidae, in the coastal zone surveyed, ranged from 0 to 398 specimens per m-2 of the bottom ( x = 33.7 spec. m–2). Wet biomass of this bivalve ranged from 0 to 12.0 gww m-2 ( x = 1.0 gww m-2). Apparently Hydrobia sp. has found better conditions for living and development in the estuary Middle Pomerania coast compared to open coastal. The abundance of this gastropods in the estuary zone was 27-fold higher than in the open coast and the wet weight was about 1.5-fold higher, respectively. Hydrobiidae plays an important role in the monitoring of benthos of the Baltic Sea, not constitutes a distinct food base of animals (fish and other hydrobionts).
New data on the occurrence of several ant species, previously not known from Lower Silesia or other regions of the country, is given. Among these, there are several common species that were already expected to occur in Lower Silesia. The change of status of the names Formica glauca, F. lusatica and Tapinoma ambiguum is explained in the light of recent synonymies of lusatica under Formica clara FOREL, 1886 and ambiguum under Tapinoma subboreale SEIFERT, 2012.
Based on the author's own observations, the literature data and oral communications, the information was presented about the distribution and ecology of Rosalia alpina (L.) in the area of the Forest Division of Łosie (the Carpathians, SE Poland), located within the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Cracow. Threats and proposals were presented regarding the protection of the species in the studied area.
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