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In the available literature there is no fully sufficient and exhaustive description of the topographical anatomy of a rabbit’s temporal bone. An anatomical study was conducted on 24 rabbits’ temporal bones obtained from 12 individuals of both sexes, routinely euthanized after drug tests. The external acoustic meatus is situated obliquely to the lateral skull surface. The mean length of the bony part of the external acoustic meatus is 6.42 mm. In close proximity to the external acoustic pore lie the stylomastoid and postglenoid foramina, situated about 5 mm from the pore rim. The tympanic cavity is divided into several compartments. Among them, the largest ones are: epitympanic recess and tympanic sinus. The epitympanic recess is a cave of a diameter of about 3.5 mm. From the lateral side it is closed by a root of the zygomatic process, and a medial wall of the external acoustic meatus. From the medial side its wall creates the prominence of the anterior semicircular canal, neighboring with subarcuate fossa. Ventrally it is bordered by the facial canal and in this wall the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal is clearly visible. The tympanic recess is frontally bordered by the promontorium, superiorly by the facial canal, ventrally and medially by the bony wall surrounding the jugular foramen, embracing the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves: IX, X, XI. The promontory is the clearest topographical landmark in the tympanic cavity; however, it is not visible from the external acoustic meatus but only after passing the tympanic bulla opening. Frontally from promontory runs the carotid artery in its internal own canal. The mean minimal distance between carotid canal and round window is 4.34 mm. The easiest and safest approach to the tympanic cavity leads either through the epitympanic recess or through the ventral wall of the tympanic bulla. It is important to bear in mind the close proximity of the facial nerve and temporal canal in the first one and carotid artery and the jugular foramen in the second one.
The aim the study was to discover the structure and topography of formatio hippocampi in chinchillas (Chinchilla brevicaudata). Investigations were carried out on the brains of 5 chinchillas. The material was preserved in buffered 10% formalin, and then dehydrated in ethyl alcohol of rising concentrations, embedded in paraffin blocks and cut transversally into 12 micrometer-thick sections. The sections were then stained according to Klüver and Barreras method. The formatio hippocampi, classified as a part of the rhinencephalon, are located in the medial part of the cerebral hemisphere, and indents in an arch into the light of the lateral ventricle. In the case of chinchillas the fomatio hippocampus consists of the hippocampus and dentate areas and the following cortical nervous structure: subiculum and four areas from CA1 to CA4. Formatio hippocampi as a cortical structure has a laminar build. The following layers may be distinguished in the subiculum: the marginal layer and cellular layer I and II. The structure of CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4 areas contains the following layers: stratum oriens, stratum pyramidal, stratum radiatum, and stratum molecular. The dentate area is a part of the formatio hippocampi formed by the gyrus dentatus and hilus fasciae dentate. Gyrus dentatus as a cortical structure has a laminar build. It is made up of two layers: molecular stratum and granular stratum.
The aim of the research was to learn the structure and topography of gyrus parahippocampalis in the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger). The examination was carried out on 5 brains of sexually mature chinchillas. The examination material was fixed, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Frontal slices were stained according to Klüver and Barrer`s method. Gyrus parahippocampalis, which was the object of the examination, is a cortical structure which joins the hippocampus formation with neocortex. It is a rear part of gyrus fornicatus, which stretches from splenium of corpus callosum to the abdomino-medial angle of the brain hemisphere. It is made up of the following cortical structures: area entorhinalis, parasubiculum and presubiculum. The above-mentioned parts of gyrus parahippocampalis cortex are made up of four layers: marginal layer, external cellular layer, medial cellular layer, and internal cellular layer.
The topographical anatomy of domestic animals, including that of dogs, has been insufficiently described in current literature. The present study aimed at a systematic measurement and anatomical description of selected size parameters of dog’s temporal bones by performing a dissection of 12 specimens (24 temporal bones). It was noted that the air spaces of dog’s temporal bones are well developed and form a pneumatic system fed with air by the Eustachian tube. The largest element of this system is the tympanic bulla which is situated relatively superficially and creates an important landmark facilitating surgery in the middle ear. After opening the tympanic bulla the promontory is clearly visible as well as all auditory ossicles and tendons of the intrinsic muscles. The study also revealed that the middle ear has several bony recesses, penetrating the majority of the walls of the tympanic cavity and creating almost completely separate compartments. One of these compartments is an air cell situated beneath the facial canal - posterior to the promontory. The facial nerve on this segment is deprived of its bony sheath, and creates a possible path of nerve damage by bacterial toxins during otitis media. Additionally, the proximity of the middle ear with other structures of skull is also important: the epitympanic recess of the middle ear is close to the venous temporal canal, and the region of the orifice of the Eustachian tube is close to the internal carotid artery canal. The semicircular canals are of considerable size, the greatest one being the superior canal and the smallest the posterior canal. Only 4, not 5 openings of semicircular canals in dog’s vestibules were studied because two of them possess common side paths in the bony labyrinth. From the parameters measured the most stable were vestibule size (2×3 mm), and the most variable - cochlea (5.85-7.4 mm of height) and tympanic cavity (14.2-22.6 mm of length). However none of the studied parameters was significantly correlated with skull length.
Literature provides no detailed descriptions concerning the topography of the feline heart. Some schematic and often contradictory information is found in a few publications. This study was performed on 60 corpses of adult domestic shorthair cats of various ages and both sexes. In all specimens the following were determined: the skeletotopy of the cardiac notch of the left lung, the apex and the base of heart. The studied material revealed that most frequently the cardiac notch is located on the level V of intercostal space, just above the costochondral joint (25 cats, 41.67%). The base of the heart, directed towards the cranial thoracic aperture, mostly reached half of the length of IV rib (25 cats, 41.67%). In most cases, in 35 individuals (58.33%), the apex was located at the level IV intercostal space, in the vicinity of the sternocostal joint. These observations should be under consideration when auscultating and imaging hearts in cats.
The aim of the study was to define the topography, number, size and development, and organization level of DCSL in the 5th, 8th and 14th week of pregnancy in pigs. Examinations were carried out on 25 pig fetuses (at the 40th, 60th and the 97th day of gestation), coming from one breeding farm. The material was fixed in 10% formalin solution before carrying out topological, morphological and histological examinations. Observations concentrated on the dorsal superficial cervical lymph nodes (DSCL). Topological analysis confirmed that DSCL location in fetal life is different than in postnatal life. A slight shift in the caudal-ventral direction was observed during the prenatal development. It was revealed that DSCL have different shapes, with a tendency to oval-shapes in the oldest age group and the growth in size between the 60th and 97th day of gestation is more intense than in length of fetus bodies. One lymph node on each side of the body was observed in the majority of subjects. Histological examinations facilitated observing the development of the histological structures from germs - in the form of accumulated mesenchymal cells with singly transforming lymphoblasts, through to the intermediate stage - with more transforming lymphoblasts and lymphatic nodules lying in the center and in the periphery of lymph node's parenchyma, to the mature fetal lymph nodes - with lymphocytes, and with lymphatic nodules present only in the lymph node's center.
The topographical anatomy of domestic animals, including cats, has hitherto not been thoroughly described. In the present study a systematic anatomical description and measurements of selected size parameters of temporal bones as well as skulls was performed on the basis of the dissection of twelve specimens (24 temporal bones). Air spaces of the middle ear in the cat are well developed, creating a pneumatic system where the Eustachian tube delivers fresh air. The greatest element of this system is the tympanic bulla. It is situated superficially and is an important landmark and an easy surgical path to the middle ear. After opening the tympanic bulla a bony septum is visible dividing the bulla into two parts: the ventro-medial and the dorso-lateral. Two openings communicate these almost fully separate spaces. One opening lies frontally to the promontory, another one is situated caudally to the round window niche. The tympanic cavity has several recesses, penetrating into its walls, and creating separate compartments to a certain degree. One of these compartments is epitympanic recess, embracing the head of the malleus and trunk of the incus, as well as an air cell beneath the facial canal, situated posteriorly to the promontory. The stapedius muscle is of considerable size, and is situated in the inferior part of the facial canal, superiorly to the oval window and partly rounded by the lateral semicircular canal. The semicircular canals are of considerable size also, although the superior one is the greatest and posterior one is the smallest. It was stated that in the cats vestibule there are only 4 not 5 openings for the semicircular canals, because of presence of two common crura. From among the measured size parameters the most stable were diameters of semicircular canals (about 3-4 mm), while the most variable - the size parameters of the tympanic cavity. The maximal height of the tympanic cavity, measured between two extreme points (tympanic bulla - epitympanic recess) was 13.2-16 mm, and the maximal length, measured from the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity to the internal opening of the Eustachian tube, was 14.8-18.6 mm. There was no parameter significantly correlated with the total length of the skull.
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