Emissions by rail transport account for around 1% of total pollutant emissions. The greatest negative influence on human health is made by PM, NOx, and others pollutants. Our article describes the methodology for measuring emissions (CO, NOx, PM, and CH) into the air by rolling stock on which the experimental measurements of emissions are based. Comparison of emissions by the stock company Lietuvos geležinkeliai old (TEP70BS), re-motorized (2M62K), modernized (2M62M, ČME3ME, ČME3MG), and new (ER20CF) locomotives, railcars (620 M), and diesel trains (RA-2) into the atmosphere is carried out. As the study carried out in 2009 shows, the tested emissions into the air by diesel locomotive engines (pollutant kg/fuel ton) decreased significantly (up to 40%) when compared to the study carried out in 2003. Emissions of sulphur dioxide into the air from rolling stock in 2009 significantly decreased against 2003 as the allowable sulphur content in diesel fuel decreased from 0.2% to 0.001%.
As a step towards remediation of sulphur contaminants, this study used a Crowcon Gasman (gas detection instrument) to collect and analyze Sulphuric gas samples from densely populated areas of urban Zaria. The results showed varying concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S). The high concentrations of these pollutants detected can be attributed to increased population growth, increased production of gaseous wastes and increased number of vehicular movement. The results indicate also that the concentrations of pollutant sulphur component SO2 measured at all sampling points, with exception of the control site were hazardous while that of H2S were within safe limit set by FEPA and ACGIH respectively. Statistical tests were performed which established significant variation/relationship between detected pollutants and traffic volume. Findings from this study imply that vehicular emission within urban Zaria is not within the safe limit which further reveals that transport-related pollution in Zaria urban area can be potentially hazardous to health.
This review describes the structure, physicochemical properties and sources of asbestos as well as other mineral fibres in the natural environment. The diversity of character and methods for the determination of airborne inorganic fibres are discussed with particular attention to the biological effects on humans health. It also demonstrates the practical significance of asbestos.
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