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Vaccine candidates against Nipah and Hendra viruses, recently emerging zoonotic threats. Renewed interest in the possibility that the proteins causing neurodegeneration are all prions. Bright and dark sites of complement system. A noninflammatory humoral factor of the coagulation cascade, FX binds to the surface of adenovirus and triggers activation of innate immunity. NLRP6 receptor is a negative regulator of innate immunity against bacterial pathogens. The lung can serve as a location where autoreactive T cells become reactivated and gain the competence to enter the CNS. Reactivation of anticancer activity of T cells by blocking PD-1 (programmed cel death - 1) on their surface.
Milk proteins possess a wide range of nutritional and biological properties. They are used as a source of energy, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals which are needed for the growth and development of organisms. Milk proteins contain physiologically active peptides encrypted in the protein sequences. Peptides with biological activity are produced during gastrointestinal digestion or food processing and could play an important role in metabolic regulation and modulation. This suggests the potential use of biopeptides as nutraceuticals and ingredients of functional foods to promote health and reduce the risk of diseases. Milk-derived bioactive peptides were shown to have antihypertensive, antihrombotic, antimicrobial, antioxidative, opioid, mineral-binding properties and anticancer activities. In vitro and in vivo studies are currently being carried out to identify milk bioactive peptides as well as to study their bioavailability and molecular mechanisms of action. Milk as a traditional food product can serve as the example of a functional food and be relevant for health-promoting as well as health-preventing factors.
Biologically active peptides are of particular interest to food science and nutrition because they may act as potential physiological modulators of metabolism. Hidden or inactive in the amino-acid sequence of food proteins, they can be released or activated in vivo during gastrointestinal digestion, or in vitro during enzymatic hydrolysis and food processing. Egg proteins are an important source of these bioactive peptides. In recent years, major egg protein components, ovoalbumin, conalbumin, ovomucin and phosvitin, have also been shown to contain bioactive sequences. Peptides showing antiadhesive, anticancer as well as immunomodulatory activities were found in ovomucin sequence. Immunoregulative peptides were also found in peptic and chymotryptic hydrolysates of ovoalbumin. Ovocinin and ovocinin(2-7) - angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides, whose pharmacological activity was observed in micromolar concentrations - were liberated during in vitro proteolysis of ovoalbumin. Furthermore, many egg protein hydrolysates showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity after proteolysis with different enzymes, and several active peptides were isolated and identified.
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