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The purpose of the work was to adapt the methods of thrombocytes isolation from the peripheral blood, their absolute number determination and an attempt to evaluate their phagocytic activity. The elaborated technique of thrombocytes isolation in the ACD liquid enabled to separate in homologous plasma approximately 80 per cent of those cella, i.e. 23 850 in 1 mm³ of the plasma (± 7160). The above method allowed to preserve, like in the full blood, proper conditions for thrombocytes. It was found that the number of thrombocytes from healthy fish was 29 720 ± 6830 in one mm³ and the value of phagocytic index and per cent of phagocytic cells were 1.48 ± 0.38 and 18.83 ± 4.13, respectively. There was found 5 various forms of thrombocytes differing with the shape of the cell and nucleus, and the distribution and colour of the cytoplasm.
The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of tylosin and prebiotics (β-glucans and mannanooligosaccharides) added to feed on the phagocitc activity of polimorfonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in calves. The study was performed on 36 clinically healthy, Black and White Lowland calves, aged 6-8 weeks. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups. Calves in group I were fed a feedingstuff supplemented with tylosin. Group II received prebiotics, and group III (control) was fed the same feedingstuff without additives. The following phagocytic parameters were determined in the peripheral blood of the calves: phagocytic index (IF), the percentages of phagocytic (%kf) and NBT-positive cells, and the spontaneous migration of neutrophils (MG). The results showed that both prebiotics and tylosin caused a significant increase in the phagocytic activity of PMNL in the experimental groups. This was expressed by the higher values of the examined phagocytic parameters compared with the controls.
The examinations were done on 7 healthy Polish ponies from 1.5 to 14 years of age. The experimental animals were intravenously injected Escherichia coli LPS at a dose of 0.1 µg/kg b.w. Clinical observations and blood collection for laboratory examinations from the external neck vein were done just before endotoxin injection and then for 8 hours at one hour intervals and after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. from endotoxin application. All horses were examined routinely clinically (rectal temperature, pulse, respiration rate) and hematologically (total number of leukocytes, differential leukocyte count). Phagocytic activity of neutrophilic granulocytes was evaluated on the basis of the percentage of phagocytic cells (KF) and the phagocytic index (IF) using a standard Staphylococcus aureus strain. Moreover, the nitrotetrazolium blue reduction test (NBT) was done by a microquantity method. Clinical observations and hematological examinations in the experimental animals were typical for endotoxemia of horses. It was also found that LPS of E. coli at the administered dose stimulates unspecific immunity because it increases the value of KF, IF and NBT during the whole period of experimentation.
Studies were carried out on the number of thrombocytes and their phagocytic activity represented by the engulfing indices of thrombocytes (Ipt) and by the percentage of engulfing thrombocytes (%tp) in carps aged from 2 months to 5 years. It was determined that the number of thrombocytes increases in carps with the increase of age. The value of Ipt and %tp increases in carps aged from 2 to 13 months, but Ipt increases in fish aged from 17 months to 5 years. The value of %tp in the fish aged from 17 months to 5 years is stable.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity of peripheral blood granulocytes in rabbits with chronic trichophytosis by using commercial sets of Phagotest and Burstest adopted to flow cytometry. A strong suppression of unspecific cellular immune responses was found in rabbits with chronic trichophytosis. Once fungal infection is established it can only be destroyed by T cell-mediated mechanisms. T cells primarily function by activating macrophages and by promoting epidermal growth and keratinization. The destroyed unspecific immune mechanisms are manifested by decreased phagocyte activity and oxygen metabolism of granulocytes. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that when vaccine therapy is used to treat chronic trichophytosis in rabbits with unspecific immunity it should be modulated in order to restore the destroyed mechanisms of unspecific immunity. The latter's normal functioning is a prerequisite for the development of specific antifungal immunity.
The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of Immunostim-Plus on the phagocyte activity and oxidative metabolism of blood neutrophils and monocytes in rats intoxicated by cadmium. The study was performed on 40 Wistar/Han rats, divided into 4 groups (I-IV), 10 animals in each. Rats from group II were administered Immunostim-Plus in their drinking water at a dose of 3.15 mg/rat/day, rats from group III received cadmium chloride in their drinking water at a dose of 2.1 mg/rat/day, and rats from group IV received cadmium chloride with Immunistim-Plus in similar doses. Rats from group I were administered water only (control group). Following day 50 of the experiment, blood from the rats of each group was taken for immunology examinations. The Phagotest was used to study phagocyte activity and Bursttest was used to study the oxidative metabolism of blood neutrophils and monocytes by flow cytometry. The results indicated that Immunostim-Plus modulated the phagocyte activity and oxidative metabolism of blood neutrophils and monocytes suppressed by cadmium in rats. The study indicated the immuno-restorative activity of Immunostim-Plus
Synthetic pyrethroids commonly used for plant protection often contaminate superficial water sources and therefore they become a health threat for fish. The objective of the studies was to evaluate the influence of permethrin present in water on phagocytic activity of neutrocytes macrophage/monocytes of the main kindneys and circulatory blood of the carp. The fish of about 90 ±10 g were exposed for 96 h to permethrin at a concentration of 0.03 and 1.1 µg/L in the insecticide Ambusz 25EC. The percentage of phagocytic cells (KF) among neutrocytes and macrophages, the value of phagocytic index (IF) and metabolic activity of phagocytes (NBT) were determined in the kidneys and in blood of 6 individuals from each experimental group at 1, 3, 4, 7 and 14 days after the end of the experiment. The same parameters have been evaluated three times for controls at day 1, 7 and 14 of the experiment. The 96-hour exposure of the carp to permethrin during the experiment induced leukopenia and neutrocytosis and lowered the percentage of the kidney cells (KF) active in phagocytosis. Compared to control, at day 7 the value of phagocytic index in the fish under experimentation also decreased.
Ovariohysterectomy is the treatment of choice for pyometra and a common contraceptive method for bitches. The effectiveness of preventing the postoperative complications depends largely on the proper monitoring of the health condition of bitches. The non-specific immunity parameters in the postoperative period are evaluated using the NBT test as well as determining the phagocytic index, percentage of phagocytizing cells, lysozyme activity, serum levels of total protein and its globulin fraction. Our study shows that the values of selected parameters of non-specific immunity provide valuable information concerning the end of inflammatory reaction caused by the discontinuity of tissues in the normal postoperative course. Moreover, the data obtained indicate that such parameters may be used in routine diagnostic procedures of early postoperative complications.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of kidney phagocytes after immunization of fish with inactivated bacteria of Aeromonas hydrophila and to determine the location and permanence of the bacterial antigen in the lymphoid organs, the kidney and the spleen, of carps immunized intraperitoneally (group I) and by immersion (group II) at 12°C. We examined the absorption of bacteria by kidney leucocytes (PK%), the killing capacity of phagocytes (IB) and chemiluminescent activity (CL). Evaluations were performed 12 h, as well as 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after immunization. At all these time points, the values of the parameters examined were higher in fish immunized intraperitoneally than in those immunized by immersion. The absorption of bacterial cells by kidney phagocytes was particularly high after 14 days after immunization in fish group I whereas their killing and chemiluminescent activity was particularly high in 7 days after immunization in group I. Immunohistochemical examination revealed an extensive distribution and large amounts of the antigen in the interstitial part and melanomacrophage centers of the kidneys and spleen after the intraperitoneal administration of the antigen, By contrast, small amounts of the antigen were found in these organs after it had been administered by immersion.
The aim of the report was to compare the cytology and phagocytosis of the cells obtained in tracheobronchial aspirate (TBA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Expirements were performed on 15 normal horses, 428±62 kg b.w. TBA and BAL were collected with bronehofiberoscope and sterile non pyrogenic buffered saline, 37°C. The seperated cells were counted, their total number and picture were estimated. Two standard bacterial strains S. aureus Smith and 305 were used to determine phagocytic activity of neutrophiles and macrophages. Neutrophile phagocytic activity in pheripheral blood of the same horses was also estimated. Result show significant differences in the percentage of neutrophiles isolated from TBA and BAL. There were no significant changes in the phagocytic activity of cells in TBA and BAL. Experiments revealed significantly decreased neutrophile phagocytosis in peripheral blood compared to cells from TBA and BAL.
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antibiotic used in fish farming in many countries. It is an effective drug against many bacterial diseases occurring in breeding conditions. It is believed that OTC induces immunosuppression in humans and many animal species. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of OTC on the basic functions of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and European Catfish (Silurus glanis) immune systems. The study used 200 Carp fry (50-100 g body weight) and 200 Catfish fry (80-100 g body weight). The fish were kept in plastic tanks (500-1000 litre capacity) in a water temperature of 20-22°C. OTC was applied by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The results of the study indicate that OTC induces the suppression of metabolic (Respiratory Burst Activity) and phagocyte function (Phagocyte Killing Activity) in Carp and European Catfish macrophages, as well as increasing the proliferative response of lymphocytes. The alteration dynamics clearly indicate that suppression is temporary. In practice OTC is used in 75-100 mg/kg body weight doses over a couple of days (Carp, Catfish, and Trout). Longer suppression may make the fish susceptible to secondary infections.
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