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The increasing energy consumption not only limits its accessibility but also contributes to the exhaustion of known and examined sources of that energy and the growth of its cost but mostly causes the increased emission of so-called greenhouse gasses – CO2, SOx, NOx, methane and so on. Those gases are responsible for significant climatic changes on our globe. Burning wood even though to a smaller extend than burning coal also contributes to that fact. Coal and wood as the result of burning simultaneously generate toxic substances – cancerogenic benzo(a)pyrene, heavy metals as well as dioxins and furans.
The main sources of pollution, related pollutants, their emission rates and ways of liberating indoor air are presented. Health symptoms in air spaces with different ventilation systems and risks associated with particular sources are compared. Also, different sampling and analytical techniques and source characterization methods are described. The advantages and shortcomings of the five basic approaches to indoor air monitoring are discussed. Special stress is put on passive samplers whose types theories and areas of application and newest designs are given.
An attempt was undertaken in this work to characterize the imission field of the PM10 particulate matter in the Warsaw area, based on measurements coming from 11 stations located in area, and from 4 stations outside Warsaw belonging to the Voivodship Inspectorate of Environmental Protection in Warsaw. The analysis concerns the 2004-06 period. Basic descriptive statistics of the concentration were calculated, the daily (24 hrs) averaged courses were studied in the whole experimental period for the cold (Oct.-March) and warm (April-Sept.) seasons, rose diagrams of particulate matter concentration percentages and of pollution plume rate percentages were made, and an effort to visualize the spatial distribution of particulate matter over the Warsaw area was made, on the basis of PM10 particulate matter concentration values registered at the stations mentioned above. As a result of the executed analyses it was found that the existing measurement network of PM10 is insufficient for a precise recognition of the imission field. It is necessary not only to extend the network of monitoring stations, especially in the Warsaw districts located on the right bank of the Vistula River, but also to include all vital meteorological parameters and particulate matter qualitative analyses into the range of measurements. In relationship to a high level of PM10 concentrations occurring in the area of the whole city, the authors propose publicizing measurement results. The analysis of pollution plumes, which was possible only for two monitoring stations located in the northern and southern parts of the city, enabled the authors to focus on substantial causes for increased PM10 concentration in that regions.
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The paper presents the main natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur compounds, the proportion of these compounds in natural fuels and their emission to the aerosphere. Particular attention was paid to conditions of photochemical and catalytic oxidation in the air, as well as the behavior of sulfur compounds in the aerosphere. The transformations of sulfur compounds and their reactions with other compounds or elements contribute to air pollution, including the formation of tropospheric ozone and acid rains.
The studies aimed to evaluate the pathomorphological changes induced by various management conditions in arctic foxes. Healthy pups aged about eight weeks were randomly assigned to two groups, 20 animals each. The foxes of the control group were housed on a farm, while the experimental group comprised of foxes raised in a confined space. Throughout the rearing period, air quality monitoring of the environment of both groups was performed. During the autumn slaughter (the experiment lasted for 7 months), sections of the liver, kidneys, lungs, ovaries, and uterus obtained from all the foxes were evaluated pathomorphologically. Pathological changes were observed in lung sections collected from the animals of the experimental group. During the air monitoring, higher concentrations of pollutants were identified in the experimental group environment.
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Lichens as indicators of air pollution in Lomza

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Research using lichens as bioindicators of air pollution has been conducted in the city of Łomża. The presence of indicator species of epiphytic and epilithic lichens has been analysed. A 4-point lichen scale has been developed for the test area, on the basis of which four lichenoindication zones have been determined. The least favourable conditions for lichen growth have been recorded in the city center. Green areas and open spaces are the areas with the most favourable impact of the urban environment on lichen biota.
This survey work summarizes the generation of indoor air pollutants (IAPs) through household products and activities and also the probable health symptoms of IAPs were discussed through questionnaire in the residential buildings of urban and semi urban area when compared to rural (control) area by door to door survey. The IAPs are categorized as physical, chemical and biological and surveyed as per the product(s) usage in the closed room of buildings. The survey results of IAPs generated from household products and activities, these are asbestos, fine particulate matters and ash as physical pollutants. The chemical pollutants are carbon mono and di oxide gases, phthalates; DDT, chlordane, heptachlor, o-phenylphenol; PBDEs, Formaldehyde, Other Aldehydes, lead, benzene, chloroform, para-dichlorobenzene, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, styrene, benzene, formaldehyde, terpenes, styrene, phthalate esters, toluene, Propellant, pesticides, PAH, NOx, acrylamide, VOCs, acetone, HCl gas and biological pollutants are bacteria, fungi, viruses, house dust mites, animal dander; cockroaches, microbial spore. In respect to established health impact data, the health symptoms were recorded after survey in two areas viz. urban and semi urban area. The health symptoms were recorded as eye, nose, and throat irritation; allergic reactions, respiratory irritation, aggravated asthma, influenza and other infectious diseases may be the generation of IAPs. The urban and semi urban area are compared with rural (control) area in which no symptoms were found as per discussion. In the present survey it was concluded that the generation of IAPs may from household products and activities in the urban and semi urban area due to less ventilation facilities when compared to rural (control) area. This is a preliminary observation, further researches are needed in relation to measurement of physical, chemical and biological indoor pollutants in closed room of residential buildings and also health hazards study of residents by haematological, biochemical, enzymological and genotoxicological parameters.
The growth parameters of the Vaccinium myrtillus shoots were studied on a vertical transect crossing localities “Muraň“ (1080–1110 m a.s.l., skeli-humic podzols, Fageta abietino-piceosa) and “Hliniky“ (950–960 m a.s.l, dystric cambisols, Abieti-Fageta inferiora) in the protected zone of the National park “Slovensky raj“ (Spiš region, East Slovakia). In the localities, both contaminated by air pollution research plots in undamaged and damaged (with lower stand density and canopy compactness) spruce ecosystems were established. The content of Al and Cr was significantly higher in cambisols, and that of Cd – in podzols. The limit values calculated for both soils have been exceeded only in case of mercury. The Al content in bilberry twigs exceeded the background values (by 44–76%) in case of the both plots situated on locality “Muraň”, and that of Ni and Pb concentrations (by 3–60%) only on damaged plot. The mean content of Ni and Pb was significantly higher in bilberry twigs growing on podzols and the mean content of Al was significantly higher in plants on undamaged plots. The mean length, weight as well as energy content of bilberry twigs were significantly higher in damaged spruce plots (on average by 33%), probably due to favourable light conditions.
Caring for indoor air quality (IAQ) in so-called non-industrial areas has become increasingly common. Because of people's awareness of hazards related to the presence of different substances in indoor air. A review with 103 references concerning the presence of organic compounds in non-industrial indoor environments is discussed. The main sources of indoor air pollutants are presented. Topics discussed also include: total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) concepts in IAQ evaluation, concentrations of organic compounds in indoor and outdoor air, and the influence of outdoor air on indoor air quality expressed as ratios of indoor (I) to outdoor (O) concentrations (I/O).
This paper presents the tasks, procedures and instrumental trends in analytics and monitoring of air pollution. The classification of methods and analytical techniques used for atmospheric air studies are also discussed.
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