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The aim of the study has been to define the stocks and the basic properties of soil organic matter in agricultural-used soil sequence located in the former shoreline of disappearing lakes. The study area is located in the catchment of the Sumowskie Lakes, the Brodnica Lake District, North-Eastern Poland. The investigations involved preparation of five soil pits located in the south-western part of the former Sumowskie Lake bottom and on the southern slope of the adjacent kame hill. The greatest soil transformation is reflected in the quality and quantity of the soil organic matter. Indexes of organic matter quality and TOC stocks are significantly changing along the studied transect. The strongly humidified organic matter is found in mursh horizons. Gyttja layers above the groundwater level have a medium humification index. Horizons saturated with water are very low humidified. TOC stocks drop along the analysed soil sequence from the biogenic plain to the top of the kame hill.
Selected monitoring properties of agricultural soil from the Imielin experimental site. The effects of two types of agricultural practice: variable rate application (VRA) and uniform (UNI) N dose on selected chemical properties of soil were compared in a fi eld fertilization experiment. Nitrogen, in doses 60 or 80 kg·haˉ¹ (UNI) and 55–105 kg·haˉ¹ (VRA), was applied to soil farmed with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted in the 2012/2013 growing season in Poland on 22 ha of production fi elds located in the Imielin countryside (central Poland). The soil samples were taken from three depths: 0.0–0.3, 0.3–0.6, and 0.6–0.9 m, and the pH, HAC, TEB, CEC, and BS were determined. The application of the nitrogen fertilizer in the two types of agricultural practice – variable rate application (VRA) and uniform (UNI) N dose modified the basic physical and chemical properties of soil. The highest values of pH and hydrolytic acidity were observed at the soil depth of 0.6–0.9 m after the first rate of nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Cation exchange capacity of soils collected after uniform nitrogen rates were characterized by values decreasing with the increasing depth of the soil profile.
Agricultural ecosystems are differently sensitive to heavy metal inputs, which at present are directly related to human activities. Lead is of particular concern due to its ability to threaten soil quality and human health. The investigated soil samples were collected from different agricultural soils (under cereal croppings) moderately subjected to activity of the Głogów Copper Smelter (Poland). They consisted of an acidic soil (Dystri-Gleyic Fluvisols - S₁) and three near neutral to slightly alkaline soils (Haplic Luvisols - S₂, Gleyic Fluvisols - S₃ and Molli-Gleyic Fluvisols - S₄). These soils were tested in order to determine the impact of additional Pb inputs on its dynamics and mobility. Of all the soils studied, S₂, S₃ and S4 have exhibited higher acid buffer capacities than S₁. Lead sorption parameters, such as Langmuir adsorption maximum (amax) and parameters related to interaction energies (b) as well as the Freundlich partition parameter (KF), were used for comparing the reactivity and dynamics of added Pb into these soils. The data showed that S₂, S₃ and S₄ retained more Pb than did S₁, characterized by low specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Charge-based (SDCEC) and specific surface-based (SDSSA) sorption densities were also used for evaluating the direct impact of additional Pb inputs. These parameters revealed that S₂, S₃ and S₄ may support greater inputs of Pb with less threat to its mobility, in contrast to S₁. Therefore, any practices leading to additional Pb inputs into the latter soil may result in serious Pb mobility. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy changes (ΔGo) for Pb dynamics in the studied soils confirm that the ion exchange process proceeded naturally and spontaneously with a markedly high affinity for Pb ions developed by S₂, S₃ and S₄, and low affinity by S₁.
The paper contains the results of eight-year-long studies on the runoff of nitrates from heavy soils used as croplands. The runoffs of nitrates from a drainage catchment and a catchment drained with ditches were compared. The drainage system was found to carry away twice as much water, with a five-fold higher concentration of nitrates and 20-fold higher load of nitrates, than the system of ditches. High runoff of nitrates (22 kg ha-1 annually) from the soils drained by drains was distributed quite evenly throughout the year, with maximum peaks in March and June. Nitrate runoff through the system of ditches was low (1.15 kg ha-1 annually), reaching maximum peaks in March and April (62% of the load), but disappearing in the summer.
Erosion processes can strongly influence the dissipation of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid applied with Roundup Max in agricultural soils; in addition, the soil structure state shortly before erosive precipitations fall can be a key parameter for the distribution of glyphosate and its metabolite. Field rain simulation experiments showed that severe erosion processes immediately after application of Roundup Max can lead to serious unexpected glyphosate loss even in soils with a high presumed adsorption like the Cambisols, if their structure is unfavourable. In one of the no-tillage-plot of the Cambisol, up to 47% of the applied glyphosate amount was dissipated with surface run-off. Moreover, at the Chernozem site with high erosion risk and lower adsorption potential, glyphosate could be found in collected percolation water transported far outside the 2x2 m experimental plots. Traces of glyphosate were found also outside the treated agricultural fields.
The effect of ameliorating doses of hard coal fly ash (HCFA) on chemical properties of soil and on yields and chemical composition of crops was examined based on an experiment established in 1984. At first, typical agricultural crops were grown in the experiment, but in 1992 the field was turned into permanent grassland. The current study took place twenty-nine years after hard coal fly ash had been applied. Soil samples were collected from the 0–20 cm soil layer, corresponding to the compared treatments. The residual effect of HCFA doses increasing from 100 to 800 Mg·ha⁻¹ caused a regular increase in the total content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb, as well as the forms of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and B soluble in 0.1 M HCl. The total content of the analyzed microelements increased by a maximum of 30% for cadmium up to 176% for zinc. The highest increase in the content of soluble forms ranged from 25% for Fe to 760% for boron. The share of Znbd, i.e. permanently bound to soil, to Zntot, i.e. the total zinc form, was positively correlated with pH in KCl, the C:N ratio and the content of Cu permanently bound with soil. Regarding the share of Febd in Fetot, correlations with pH in H₂O and in KCl, content of organic matter (SOM) and the C:N ratio were demonstrated. No such correlations were proven with respect to the other elements.
In recent years, there has been a phenomenal increase in the use of alkaline proteases as industrial catalysts. The aim of this work was to isolate potent fungal strain from the agricultural field of Gulbarga region of India, for the production of alkaline protease by utilizing the agricultural by products viz, red and green gram and Bengal gram as substrate under submerged fermentation process. Optimization of fermentation process parameters such as substrate (Red gram husk, green gram husk and Bengal gram husk) utilization, utilization, temperature, pH and incubation period for alkaline protease production was carried out. The maximum production of alkaline protease by Trichoderma VPG 12 was found at pH 8, temperature 35 °C, incubated for 120 h. But the activity of the enzyme could also be seen in a wide range of pH (5-9) and temperature (20-40 °C). With all these properties, the strain can be considered for industrial grade production of alkaline protease.
This study investigated heavy metals in soils and agricultural products near an industrial district in Dongguan City. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in soil and agricultural products from vegetable and banana fields were determined. Results indicated that except for Zn in one sample and Cd in five samples, the majority of the samples were notably enriched by heavy metals compared with background values. The concentrations of heavy metals (mg·kg⁻¹ dry soil) in agricultural soils in the study area ranged from 22.2 to 93.0 for Cu, 31.2 to 213.6 for Zn, 47.6 to 133.5 for Pb, 0.01 to 0.67 for Cd, 0.15 to 0.56 for Hg, and 20.5 to 28.9 for As. Among these soil samples, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg in 20.6%, 8.8%, 29.4% and 38.2% soil samples, respectively, exceeded Chinese maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) for agricultural soil. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd were significantly higher in vegetable than in banana fields. Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg accumulated in the topsoil of vegetable fields, but only Pb and Hg accumulated in banana fields. Zn, Cd, and Hg accumulated more easily in flowering cabbage than other vegetables. Cu, Zn, and As were accumulated more easily in banana than lettuce, bunching onion and eggplant. Therefore, the findings suggest more attention should be focused on the accumulation of heavy metals in banana. This study presents a practical methodology for screening crops with lower bio-concentration factors for heavy metals to reduce metal contaminants in the general food supply chain.
Celem pracy było określenie aktualnych, przyrodniczych i antropogenicznych przyczyn zakwaszenia gleb użytkowanych rolniczo w Polsce. Zarządzanie odczynem ma istotne znaczenie w przemianach mineralnych składników pokarmowych roślin w glebach, a zwłaszcza ich mobilizacji/immobilizacjii i związanym z tym obiegiem pierwiastków w środowisku, a przez to produkcyjnością ekosystemów rolniczych. Po omówieniu przyrodniczych przyczyn zakwaszenia dokonano ilościowej oceny ładunku protonu w oparciu o dane z Roczników Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego dotyczące średniego zużycia nawozów mineralnych NPK i wapna nawozowego oraz emisji i depozycji gazowych zanieczyszczeń powietrza (SO2, NOx iNH3). W oparciu o te dane obliczono wielkość ładunku protonu wyrażonego w(kmol H+·ha-1). Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że 1 mol CaO wapna nawozowego neutralizuje 2 mole protonu, obliczono zdolność neutralizacyjną dawek nawozów wapniowych stosowanych w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu. Dokonano też bilansu ładunków protonu (H+) pochodzenia antropogenicznego, który posłużył do oceny presji zakwaszania antropogenicznego agroekosystemów w ostatnich 20 latach. Zakwaszenie gleb użytkowanych rolniczo związane jest w ostatnich latach przede wszystkim z: drastycznym zmniejszeniem zużycia wapna nawozowego: z 182,8 w roku 1990 do 36,8 kg CaO·ha-1 w roku 2011, zwiększonym udziałem azotu w nawożeniu NPK, gdzie stosunek N : P : K w roku 1990 wynosił 1 : 0,59 : 0,79, a w 2011 1 : 0,37 : 0,42. Pomimo znaczącego obniżenia emisji gazowych kwasotwórczych zanieczyszczeń powietrza, głównie SO2 i NOx oraz NH3, czynniki te nadal potęgują presję zakwaszenia gleb.
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