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Testing carried out in 2009 included the determination of 94 compounds in 17 commodities. Samples for testing were collected from production plants by inspectors of District Veterinary Inspections. 153 samples were tested, of which 64.7% were cereals, 31.4% processed cereals and 3.9% processed oil seeds. Mainly validated analytical multiresidue methods were used to determine many compounds at the same time, in compliance with legally binding standards and tested during international proficiency tests (FAPAS, UE). The following analytical techniques were used: GC/ECD/NPD and GC/MS. The positive results were confirmed in compliance with European Commission regulations. In 12 samples tested, which consisted 7.8% of all analysed samples, the pesticide residues were detected. Among 94 compounds tested, 1 was determined mainly in samples of cereals (14.0%) and processed cereals (9.1%). The residues were found mostly in ground wheat samples (40,0%), sporadically in samples of wheat bran (11.1%) and wheat (11.1%). Any MRLs exceeding or unauthorized plant protection product use was not found in compliance European regulations.
Currant ranks second place in the world production of berries after strawberries. Currants are important primarily due to the content of vitamins, mineral salts, organic compounds and many micronutrients. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of pesticide residues in the currants analyzed in the Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Rzeszow in 2009–2013. A total of 143 samples were tested using the gas chromatography technique (GC/ECD/NPD – gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection) and spectrophotometric method for the determination of dithiocarbamates. The control programme included the detection of 130 active substances in 2009, 137 in 2010, 152 in 2011, 166 in 2012 and 187 active substances in 2013. The results were compared with the maximum residue limits (MRLs). 43% of samples tested contained pesticide residues, and exceeding of MRLs values was stated in 10 samples. The identified residues which exceeded MRLs were chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, endosulfan, fenazaquin, flusilazole and procymidone. The fungicides were the most frequently detected in the all analysed samples. The most frequently detected substances were: dithiocarbamates (30 samples), cypermethrin (14 samples) and difenoconazole (12 samples).
In 2013, in Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis of Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszow, a total of 297 crop samples collected from the south-eastern part of Poland were analysed for the presence of pesticide residues. Pesticide residues were detected in 83 (27.9%) analysed samples. Violations of Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) were found in 2 samples (0.7%). The analyses revealed the substances not recommended for a given crop in 17 samples and the banned substance in Poland in 2 samples. The pesticide residues were found most often in the following crops: gooseberry (83.3% of the gooseberry samples), strawberry (71.4%) and apple (55.6%). The following fungicide residues were detected the most: pyrimethanil (7.4% samples), boscalid (6.7%) and cyprodinil (6.7%). The detected insecticide residues were mostly related to pirimicarb (1.7%) and cypermethrin (1.0%). The residues of herbicides were found in one sample (linuron in celeriac).
Badania prowadzono na niewielkim (10,5 ha) i płytkim (2,5 m) Jeziorze Gągławeckim (jezioro Gągławki). Jezioro posiada zlewnię o powierzchni 348,3 ha, w której największy udział mają lasy – 66,7%; grunty orne zajmują 18,9%, łąki i pastwiska 7,5% a teren zabudowany 2,9%. W wodach jeziora stwierdzono duże ilości biogenów, sięgające 0,285 mg P·dmˉ³ i 4,39 mg N · dmˉ³ oraz wapnia – 97,1 mg Ca·dmˉ³. Przyczyną wysokiej trofii tego zbiornika jest nadmierne jego obciążenie ze zlewni. Rzeczywiste ładunki biogenów spływające do jeziora przekraczają ładunki krytyczne wyliczone wg Vollenweidera. Niska jakość wód tego jeziora, przy wysokim obciążeniu ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń ze zlewni wskazuje na konieczność podjęcia działań ochronnych, polegających na zmniejszeniu obciążenia zewnętrznego.
This paper presents results of official control of pesticide residues in the crops from the north-eastern Poland. In total 260 samples were analysed in the year 2013 (45% fruit, 44.2% vegetables and 10.8% cereals and oilseeds). Among 188 pesticides, 36 active substances were detected, including 57.3% fungicides. Pesticide residues most often were determined in the samples of fruit (74.4%), mainly in currants (28.2%) and apples (25.6%). Pesticide residues below the maximum residue levels (MRLs), contained 45.4% (118) samples, while 5.4% (14) of tested sample exceeding MRLs. The use of non-approved pesticides was stated in 5% of tested samples. In 2013, 17 reports within the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were issued.
Presented research concerns the evaluation of residues of chemical pesticides in crops, depending on the system and production sites. The study was conducted in 2005–2008 on 618 samples from conventional system and 320 from integrated system of plant material derived from the four voivodeships: Lubelskie, Podlaskie, Warmia-Mazury and Mazowsze. On the basis of the studies it was shown that the crops produced in the integrated system contained a larger percentage of samples with residues below the maximum levels compared to samples from conventional and less with above MRL. The percentage of samples from the border limits for Lubelskie and Podlaskie was equal to 4%, Warmia and Mazury 2% in Mazowieckie, there was no such irregularities.
A total of 203 samples of fresh fruit, vegetables and arable crops of Polish origin were analysed in 2009 in Department of Pesticide Residue Research of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute. The monitoring programme covered 7 commodities and 196 pesticides including some isomers and breakdown products. Residues of 22 pesticides, mainly fungicides (14), were detected in 21.2% of samples analysed. Percentage of the samples without pesticide residues was equal to 78.8%. Violations of MRLs were found in 1.0% of the samples. The usage of not authorized pesticides was stated in 9.9% of the samples analysed. In all cases notifications were sent within the framework of RASFF system. Residues were detected in 55.3% of greenhouse vegetable samples. Especially in samples of peppers (60.0%) and in 43.8% samples of grapes. The samples of other products were less contaminated. Residues of dithiocarbamates were detected most often, in 15.8% of the samples.
One of the most important factors influencing human development and health condition are nutrition habits. The quality of food including first of all health safety as well as usable attributes of products, often determines a consumer’s choice. Safe food should be characterized by both adequate nutritive value and a tolerably low content of the substances that are a threat for health, e.g. pesticide residues. The research carried out showed not significant chronic dietary consumer’s exposure to residues of all determined pesticides in 2009 in Polish crops was not significant, despite the exposure overestimation. Acute dietary exposure did not exceed ARfD for toddlers and for adults. The presented data show that Polish fruits and vegetables are safe in long and short term nutrition of adults and toddlers.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of pyrimidine fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables in 2012–2013. Validated analytical methods based on liquid / liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-ECD/NPD – gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen phosphorus detection) were used for analysis. The total of 704 samples of fruits and vegetables were tested for the presence of pesticide residues, 49 of all samples had residues of pyrimidine fungicides. Cyprodinil and pyrimethanil were the most commonly found residues. In the analysed samples two cases of irregularity associated with the use of preparations of pyrimidine were found, the first was related with the use of nonrecommended plant protection product, the second was related with exceeding the maximum residue levels.
In 2004–2009, a total of 221 samples of soil, plant material, and organic food of plant origin from region of south-eastern Poland were analysed for residues of active substances of some plant protection products. Pesticide residues were found in 9 samples (4.1% of analysed samples) and those were: procymidone, bifenthrin, dithiocarbamates, fenithrotion and captan. In general, the obtained results indicate that Polish organic grower applies plant protection products recommended for organic production. Some violations indicate that such control should be carried on and broadened.
In 2011–2013 in the Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis of Plant Protection Institute – National Research Institute in Rzeszów 339 samples of fruits, vegetables and herbs were tested for the presence of dithiocarbamate fungicide residues. Dithiocarbamates were found in 27 (8.0%) analysed samples. No exceeding of Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) was stated. Dithiocarbamates were detected most frequently in: gooseberries (45.4% of the samples of the crop), red currants (33.3%), black currants (29.6%), pears (18.7%) and peaches (14.3%).
In 2009 484 samples of fruit and vegetables from south-eastern Poland were surveyed. Pesticide residues were found in 150 (31%) of them, one substance in 99 samples and two or more in 51 samples. The most often were found: chlorpyrifos (8.9% samples) of insecticides and dithiocarbamates (7.2%), pyrimethanil (5.4%) and procymidone (4.8%) of fungicides. Violations of MRLs were found in 3.5% of analysed samples.
A total of 135 samples of fresh fruit, vegetables and cultivated crops of Polish origin were analysed in 2009 in laboratory of the Local Experimental Station in Trzebnica. The monitoring programme covered 26 commodities and 125 pesticides including some isomers and breakdown products. Mainly validated analytical multiresidue methods were used, enabling to determine many compounds at the same time, in compliance with legally binding standards and tested during international proficiency tests (FAPAS, UE). The following analytical techniques were used: GC/μECD/NPD and spectrophotometry. Residues of 20 pesticides, mainly fungicides (13), were detected in 25.2% of samples analysed. Percentage of the samples without pesticide residues was 74.8%. Residues lower than MRLs were present in 23.7% of samples analysed. Violations of MRLs were found in 1.5% of the samples. The usage of not approved pesticides were stated in 2 samples: asparagus and gooseberry.
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