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In the majority of potential applications gene therapy will require an effective transfer of a transgene in vivo resulting in high-level and long-term transgene expression, all in the absence of significant toxicity or inflammatory responses. The most efficient vehicles for delivery of foreign genes to the target tissues are modified adenoviruses. Adenoviral vectors of the first generation, despite the high infection efficacy, have an essential drawback: they induce strong immune response, which leads to short term expression of the transgene, and limits their usefulness in clinical trials. In contrast, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HdAd) lacking all viral coding sequences display only minimal immunogenicity and negligible side-effects, allowing for long-term transgene expression. Thus, HdAd vehicles have become the carrier of choice for adenoviral vector-mediated experimental gene therapy, effectively used in animal models for delivery of transgenes into the liver, skeletal muscle, myocardium or brain. Strong and long-lasting expression of therapeutic genes has allowed for successful treatment of dyslipidemias, muscular dystrophy, obesity, hemophilia, and diabetes. Additionally, the large cloning capacity of HdAd, up to 37 kb, facilitates the use of physiologically regulated, endogenous promoters, instead of artificial viral promoter sequences. This enables also generation of the single vectors expressing multiple genes, which can be potentially useful for treatment of polygenic diseases. In this review we characterize the basic features of HdAd vectors and describe some of their experimental and potential clinical applications.
The aim of the study was to develop and optimise a single PCR and duplex PCR for the detection and differentiation of avian adenovirus serotypes 1 and 5 in poultry. The methods were based on sequence of hexon gene of the serotypes. The PCR and duplex PCR DNA products were 227 pb and 178 bp for serotypes 1 and 5, respectively, and were highly specific. The duplex-PCR method was found to be a highly specific, sensitive, and efficient rapid tool for the detection of serotypes 1 and 5 of adenoviruses, which could be detected in one reaction mixture. During this study, 30 of the isolates obtained from internal organs of healthy birds contained both serotypes of the adenovirus. In the case of six isolates, both serotypes were detected in one bird.
Several N4-derivatives of 6-azacytidine were synthesized using of Vorbrueggen's condensation method. Their antiviral activity with respect to the adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5 in Hep-2 cells culture was studied and primary specific activity was determined. Correlation between chemical structure of new 6-azacytidine derivatives and their biological properties is discussed.
Maturation of adenovirus particles is markedly affected by proteolytic processing. The possibility for blocking the conversion of precursor structural core protein (preVII) into mature structure protein VII by officinal drugs £-aminocaproic acid and ambenum has been demonstrated in Hep-2 cells infected with adenovirus. Proteolytic processing may be regarded as one of the targets for inhibiting adenovirus reproduc­tion.
CNS gene transfer could provide new approaches to the modelling of neurodegenerative diseases and devising potential therapies. One such disorder is Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which dysfunction of several different metabolic processes has been implicated. Here we review the literature on gene transfer systems based on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and non-viral polyethyleneimine (PEI) and calcium phosphate nanoparticle methods. We also assess the usefulness of various CNS gene delivery methods and present some of our own data to exemplify such usefulness. Our data result from vectors stereotaxically introduced to the substantia nigra (SN) of adult rats and evaluated 1 week and/or 1 month post injection using histochemical methods to assess recombinant β-galactosidase enzyme activity. Gene transfer using PEI or calcium phosphate-mediated transfections was observed for both methods and PEI was comparable to that of HSV-1 amplicon. Our data show that the amplicon delivery was markedly increased when packaged with a helper virus and was similar to the expression profile achieved with a full-size replication-defective HSV-1 recombinant (8117/43). We also examine whether PEI or HSV-1 amplicon-mediated gene transfer could facilitate assessment of the biological effects induced by a dominant negative FGF receptor-1 mutant to model the reduced FGF signalling thought to occur in Parkinson’s disease.
Całość badań zrealizowano w dwóch częściach. W pierwszej części pracy - laboratoryjno-eksperymentalnej - scharakteryzowano w zakresie taksonomicznym, patogennym i właściwości immunogennych dwa pierwsze krajowe izolaty wirusa HE. Wykazano, że oba izolaty (HEV1 i HEV2) są identyczne, a pod względem morfologicznym oraz właściwości fizykochemicznych odpowiadają aviadenowirusom grupy II. Wirusy te w warunkach eksperymentalnych nie wywołują u indyków objawów klinicznych, choć powodują zmiany histopatologiczne w wielu narządach. W drugiej - terenowej fazie - prowadzono monitoring serologiczny stad oraz analizowano sytuację epizootyczną pod kątem wpływu zakażeń wirusem HE na zdrowotność indyków oraz efekty produkcyjne. Wykazano, że wirus HE jest szeroko rozpowszechniony, a powodując im­munosupresję wywołuje znaczne straty w chowie indyków.
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