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Torlińska T., Rutkowska D., Hryniewiecki T., Paluszak J.: In vivo effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on adenine nucleotide levels in the liver and skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1990, 41 (7): 75-83. The present report indicates that 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) at a single dose causing reduction of Т„ has no influence on liver and skeletal muscle content of ATP, ADP and AMP, the ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge potential (ECP) and total adenine nucleotides (TAN). After administration of 2-DG for 3) successive days, the level of ATP, ATP/ADP ratio, the values of ECP and TAN are decreased both in the liver nad skeletal muscle. However, 72 hours after the last injection of 2-DG adenine nucleotide contents returned to the values observed in control group, indicating that the in vivo effect of this glucose analogue is fully reversible.
The effect of immobilization in bed on metabolism and function of human blood platelet was studied. Blood platelets taken from patients with bone fractures after long term bed rest (14 days and 28 days) demonstrated significantly reduced concentration of total adenine nucleotides (after 28 days reduction about 30%). This decrease of total platelet adenine nucleotides af er immobilization in bed is probably caused by s imulation of platelet secretory process. Thrombin which released from confrol platele s 58.2%±1.5% of total adenine nucleotides liberated decreased amounfs (only 23.1 %±3.3% of total) of nucleotides from patient platelets isolated after 28 days of immobilization in bed. Loss of nucleotides from platelets was accompanied by sligh ly increased extent of platelet aggregation. It is concluded that during bed rest the reactivity of blood platelets (aggregation and release reaction) is stimulated.
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Protecting the cellular energy state during contractions: role of AMP deaminase

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AMP deaminase activity (AMPIMP+NH3) is the entry reaction to the purine nucleotide cycle. In skeletal muscle, excessive energy demands during contractions leads to a net production of ADP, because ATP hydrolysis exceeds ADP rephosphorylation. Elevations in ADP increase AMP, via the myokinase reaction. This accumulation of ATP hydrolysis products should lead to a catastrophic reduction in the energy state of the myocyte. The removal of AMP to IMP in times of excessively high energy demands have been hypothesized as essential to protect the energy state of the cell. While AMP deamination leads to a net loss of adenine nucleotides (principally, as ATP), the viability of the myocyte is preserved. Following these demanding contraction conditions, the concentration of IMP of fast-twitch muscle is rapidly reduced, typically with the return of the muscle adenine nucleotide content (ATP + ADP + AMP) to pre-contraction levels. While these observations are generally observed for fast-twitch skeletal muscle and consistent with the hypothesis, there has been no direct experimental evaluation. In the AK1-/- mouse, there is a markedly reduced accumulation of AMP, during conditions of excessive contractile activity. Rather, there is a high ADP concentration, approaching 1.5 mM, that remains unbound 'free' within the muscle. This contributes to an inordinate reduction in the ATP/ADP ratio. At the same time, PCr hydrolysis is nearly complete leading to a large increase in orthophosphate. In combination, this leads to an exceptional decline in the free energy of ATP hydrolysis. This is projected to impair Ca2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and slow cross-bridge cycling rate. The outcome should be slowed contraction characteristics and possible contracture. While some contractile changes were observed, there was a remarkable ability of the muscle to function under these challenging energetic conditions. Thus, it is not essential that the AMP deaminase reaction be operating during intense contraction conditions. This helps explain why patients deficient in AMP deaminase do not always exhibit an impaired muscle function.
The profile and normal concentrations of nucleotide metabolites in human saliva and reproducibility of these determinations were analyzed. Samples of human saliva collected from healthy individuals at weekly intervals, were deproteinized and analysed for the content of adenine nucleotides and their metabolites by reversed-phase HPLC. Initial ATP, hypoxanthine and uric acid concentrations were 0.52 0.15 µM, 1.91 0.37 µM and 184 22 µM respectively. A substantial individual variation persisted within 3 weeks of sampling excepted hypoxanthine which showed some unrelated variations. Determination of nucleotides and their catabolites in saliva due to its simplicity and reproducibility, may be of clinical value in diagnosis of local or systemic disorders.
We analysed changes in AMP, ADP, and ATP concentrations and adenylate energy charge in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds during dormancy breaking (at 3 °C) and in the control variant at 15 °C. Values of the studied indicators in stratified beech seeds were generally higher at 15 °C, at least until germination (+3 °C). By contrast, in maple seeds, the values recorded during dormancy breaking by cold stratification were much higher than at 15 °C. Three peaks (usually in weeks 3, 6, and 8) were observed in maple seeds at 3 °C, but not at 15 °C. Among adenine nucleotides, AMP reached the highest levels in both species in both variants of the experiment.
This study was designed to evaluate the changes in adenylate levels, adenylate energy charge (AEC) and glycolytic enzymes in control and infected mice and treatment with Citrus reticulata or the oleo-resin extract from Myrrh of Commiphora molmol tree (Mirazid), as a new antischistosomal drug. Alternations in the hepatic content of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP and AMP), Pi, phosphate potential, AEC, glucose, glycogen, AMP-deaminase, adenosine deaminase and total protein contents were investigated in a trial to point out the effect of infection with Schistosoma mansoni parasite as a hypoxia inducer in mice liver tissues. Moreover, the role of Citrus reticulata and Commiphora (Mirazid), natural plant extracts in improving the energy status in S. mansoni infected mice was studied, since Citrus reticulata was previously reported to possess anti-leukemia, antimicrobial and antibacterial activities, whereas Commiphora extract (Mirazid) – antifasciolicidal ones.
Recently transgenic potato plants were created where the 14-3-3 protein derived from Cucurbita pepo was overexpressed or potato endogenous 14-3-3 protein repressed. Detailed analysis of those plants suggested that a isolated 14-3-3 isoforms are involved in the control of plant senescence and carbohydrate metabolism. In this study carbohydrate content, adenine nucleotide level and catecholamine content in tubers and leaves of transgenic plants grown in greenhouse and in a field were compared. Overexpressing of 14-3-3 protein gave rise to increase catecholamine contents and soluble sugars in leaves and a reduction in tubers size and starch content. The repression of 14-3-3 synthesis led to opposite effect, a decrease in catecholamine, soluble sugars contents in leaves, and an increase in tubers size and starch content. It is proposed that 14-3-3 protein affects carbohydrate metabolism in potato via regulation of catecholamine synthesis.
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