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The acute phase response follows tissue injury and contributes to its exacerbation with pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mechanisms. Acute phase proteins promote erythrocyte aggregation and falling, with the result that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a measure of the acute phase response. As the acute phase response accompanies ischaemic brain damage, we studied ESR values in patients within the first 24 hours of ischaemic stroke and evaluated whether these values may be related to the volume of anatomically relevant single hemispheric brain computed tomography (CT) areas observed at the same period, indicating early stroke-related cerebral changes. We observed an increase in ESR in stroke patients and a positive correlation between the ESR values and the volume of early brain CT hypodense areas. The results suggest that elevation in ESR values is observed soon after a stroke and may reflect the relationship between the degree of acute phase response in the early phase of ischaemic stroke and the extent of local brain damage.
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of Mycoplasma bovis challenge in calves on the alteration of acute- phase response (APR). The study was performed on twelve calves aged 4-8 weeks. The animals were divided into two equal groups: experimental and control. Calves in the experimental group were intratracheally challenged with pathogenic strain of Mycoplasma bovis, whereas controls received sterile physiological saline as placebo. The blood samples were collected before (1st d) and after the mycoplasma challenge (3, 5, 7 and 9th d). The following parameters were assayed in serum: acute phase proteins (APPs), i.e. haptoglobin (Hp) and amyloid A (SAA), and eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), prostaglandin F₂ₐ (PGF₂ₐ), leukotrien B4 (LTB₄), and tromboxan B₂ (TXB₂). In calves of experimental group, a significant increase in concentrations of Hp and SAA was observed when compared with the controls. A decrease in both APPs to the initial values, i.e. before the challenge, was noted on the 9th d of experiment. On the other hand, the inoculation of Mycoplasma bovis caused a significant increase of the examined eicosanoids, which maintained elevated during the whole study. The stimulation of synthesis of APPs and eicosanoids in response to the challenge with Mycoplasma bovis probably indicates the effective activation of APR under these conditions.
Expression of the rat α2-macroglobulin (MG) gene undergoes dynamic changes throughout an individual's life and during the acute-phase (AP) response. Details of the participation of the STAT family of transcription factors in its control remain incompletely understood. Here we examined the involvement of STAT5b in MG gene expression during development and the AP response. Immuno-blot analysis revealed the highest nuclear level of STAT5b in the fetus and during postnatal development, whereas in the adult it decreased. Stimulation of MG expression during the AP response was accompanied by a decrease in STAT5b. Examination of STAT5b localization revealed that the relative concentrations of STAT5b were higher in the nuclear matrix than in the nuclear extract. Affinity chromatography with the extended promoter region of the MG gene (-825/+12), followed by immuno-blot analysis, revealed dynamic changes in STAT5b binding. The highest concentration of the promoter-binding form of STAT5b was observed in the fetus. As postnatal development progressed, the level of promoter-bound STAT5b decreased and in the adult liver it was the lowest. Stimulation of MG gene expression during the AP response in both the fetus and adult was accompanied by significantly decreased STAT5b binding to the MG promoter. The AP response was accompanied by lower levels of STAT5b serine and tyrosine phosphorylation in both fetus and adult. In the nuclear matrix derived from adult tissues, tyrosine phosphorylated species were completely absent. We conclude that developmental-stage differences in the mechanisms that determine STAT5b nuclear localization contribute to its activity in vivo.
There are many studies exploring the topic of acute phase response and oxidative status in inflammation of the mammary gland of cows. However, many phenomena are relatively not well known. Mastitis is associated with significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative mediators in the cells and blood. Results of experiments have shown that there are evident changes in serum interleukins (IL), acidglycoprotein (alphalAG), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and haptoglobin (Hp). Thus, local as well as systemic inflammation might play important roles in increased mammary oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including mastitis and in transgenic technology leading to production of new bacterial proteins, very important in prevention of mastitis. We can also observe an interaction between inflammatory and oxidative mediators. These results suggest an important role played by acute phase response and oxidative status in inflammation of the mammary gland.
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