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The work undertakes the issue of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr accumulation in wild grown plants in the context of their possible use for the sanitation of sludge and waste substrates. The highest contents of heavy metals were noted in Lactuca serriola, Chenopodium album, Artemisia vulgaris and Atriplex nitens. Assuming maximum crop production which is to be obtained from sludge and waste substrates at a level of 2 kg d.w./m2, it is clear that from 1 hectare several hundred grams of Pb and Cd, as well as up to 2 kg of Cu and 20 kg of Zn may be removed.
The accumulation of elements in biocenoses of aquatic ecosystems depends primarily on the forms of elements in the environment. The bioaccumulation coefficient (BC) is a measure of the intensity of an elements uptake of trace by living organisms. Manganese is an essential element for both plant and animal organisms. However, its excess may cause a toxic effect, i.e. it disturbs the activity of synapses, thus leading to an impaired functioning of the central nervous system. This study focused on the accumulation of manganese in individual links of an aquatic ecosystem food chain under conditions of extensive carp farming. The BC values were computed and the pollution degree of the fish pond was estimated. The investigations were conducted in a fish pond situated in Mydlniki and fed with water from the Rudawa River. Water, bottom sediment, benthic organisms (Diptera Chironomidae larvae) and carps were sampled from the pond. Organs most strongly involved in the metal metabolism (gills, gonads, liver and muscles) were prepared from sampled carps. Manganese concentrations were determined in all samples using atomic emission spectroscopy after wet mineralization of samples in a closed system in a microwave mineralizer. The concentrations of manganese in the abiotic elements of pond ecosystems were low and should not pose any threat of its excessive accumulation in living organisms. However, the manganese concentrations in the benthic organisms and in the analyzed carp organs were high. Similarly, other authors found high manganese concentration in fish living in the environments polluted with this element. The value of manganese enrichment coefficient for the bottom sediments in relation to its water concentration was high. The biggest manganese content was assessed in gills, then in the liver and gonads, and the smallest one - in carp muscles. Manganese BCs in the gills of carps in relation to its content in water and bottom sediments were 176.6 and 0.08, respectively. The BC values in relation to the manganese concentration in water were much higher, but lower in comparison to its content in bottom sediments than reported elsewhere. This confirms that the BC for manganese in gills varies depending on the water pollution level.
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The progress in bariatric surgery

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Morbid obesity, caused by fat tissue accumulation, is a serious multi-factorial chronic disease, with rapidly increasing prevalence in most countries in the world including Poland. Conservative treatment of morbid obesity is almost always unsatisfactory and that is why several surgical methods have been developed. There are four kinds of methods: malabsorptive procedures; restrictive procedures; malabsorptive/restrictive procedures and experimental procedures. The development of bariatric surgery goes back to 1952 and since that time it has been evolving dynamically. All the surgical methods have benefits and disadvantages. Presently the introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques seems to be very safe, efficient and cost-effective in treatment for morbid obesity. New methods are also being evaluated, such as gastric myo-electrical stimulation. Bariatric surgery will still be developing until we understand all the factors responsible for it is origin.
On the basis of a 4-year study, the effect of maize fertilization method on the content of mineral components and the utilization of phosphorus from fertilizer were evaluated. Two methods of fertilization were used: by broadcasting and by fertilization in rows. The effect on the content of mineral components was studied by increasing the fertilization doses from 17.4 kg P ha⁻¹ to 56.7 kg P ha⁻¹ and by the application of superphosphate and ammonium phosphate. It was found that fertilization in rows combined with seed sowing increases the content of phosphorus and nitrogen and raises the percentage of phosphorus utilization from fertilizer in comparison with the fertilization by broadcasting in the initial stage of development. Ammonium phosphate exerted a better influence on the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen by plants and on the percentage of phosphorus uptake in comparison with superphosphate.
Extracellular matrix components of benign ovarian tumours (cystadenoma, adenofibroma, cystadenofibroma) were analysed. The investigated tumours contained twice as much collagen than control ovarian tissues. Significant alterations in mutual quantitative relationships between collagens of various types were observed. The proportion of type I collagen decreased and that of type III collagen increased. The accumulation of collagen was accompanied by a reduction in sulphated glycosaminoglycan content whereas the amount of hyaluronic acid was not changed. Dermatan sulphate was the most abundant glycosaminoglycan component. It is suggested that the accumulation of collagen (natural barrier to the migration of tumour cells) and underexpression of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans (binding some growth factors and interleukins) may exert an inhibitory effect on tumour growth.
A differentiated ability of heavy metals accumulation was found between different lettuce cultivars. In combinations with an addition of lead and cadmium grown in autumn, the least amount of lead was accumulated by Agora, Regina and Bona cvs, while the least amount of cadmium was found in Saba and Bona cvs. In spring, Syrena cv. Accumulated the least amount of lead, while Marta cv. showed the least amount of cadmium.
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