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The evaluation of Toxocara canis infection in stray dogs from two shelters and private owners dogs in the Warszawa district was the aim of this study. In 1998 five hundred faecal samples were examined. The homeless dogs were found more infected than those kept as pets. T. canis was recorded in 3.4% and 8.8% of stray dogs from the shelters and in 0.4% of animais from tlats. The higher prevalence of infection in homeless dogs was due to high density of dogs population, worse environmental condition and irregular anthelmintic treatment in the shelters when compare with housed dogs.
An attempt was undertaken in this work to characterize the imission field of the PM10 particulate matter in the Warsaw area, based on measurements coming from 11 stations located in area, and from 4 stations outside Warsaw belonging to the Voivodship Inspectorate of Environmental Protection in Warsaw. The analysis concerns the 2004-06 period. Basic descriptive statistics of the concentration were calculated, the daily (24 hrs) averaged courses were studied in the whole experimental period for the cold (Oct.-March) and warm (April-Sept.) seasons, rose diagrams of particulate matter concentration percentages and of pollution plume rate percentages were made, and an effort to visualize the spatial distribution of particulate matter over the Warsaw area was made, on the basis of PM10 particulate matter concentration values registered at the stations mentioned above. As a result of the executed analyses it was found that the existing measurement network of PM10 is insufficient for a precise recognition of the imission field. It is necessary not only to extend the network of monitoring stations, especially in the Warsaw districts located on the right bank of the Vistula River, but also to include all vital meteorological parameters and particulate matter qualitative analyses into the range of measurements. In relationship to a high level of PM10 concentrations occurring in the area of the whole city, the authors propose publicizing measurement results. The analysis of pollution plumes, which was possible only for two monitoring stations located in the northern and southern parts of the city, enabled the authors to focus on substantial causes for increased PM10 concentration in that regions.
The subject of the study is the problem of formation of a high population density area around Warsaw. Such areas, referred to as "Speckguertel" in the German literature (bacon belt), have a strong influence both on the development of the cities around which they form and on areas further away. Since this influence may be both positive and negative it is important to manage the spatial development in such a manner so as to avoid an increase in the number of communication problems.
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Occurrence of hard ticks in dogs from Warsaw area

86%
Ticks are known as a vector of many viral, bacterial, rickettsial and protozoan infections of dogs. The threat with particular tick-transmitted disease depends very much on the tick species which feeds on the dog. In this paper we present results of research designed to identify tick species which attack dogs in the Warsaw area. Ticks were collected from dogs presented for medical examination in veterinary clinics in different parts of Warsaw. All of 590 tick specimens found on dogs belonged to the family Ixodidae (hard ticks). The majority (64.6%) of the collected ticks were identified as Dermacentor reticulatus – vector of Babesia canis. The other tick species found on examined dogs was Ixodes ricinus. The male to female ratio was more than 3 times higher in D. reticulatus than in I. ricinus.
Background. Regular consumption of a well balanced breakfast is a pre-requisite for normal growth and child development, along with the acquisition of proper eating habits. The family environment is crucial place where children learn such patterns of behaviour that form the basis for their development. Objectives. To determine how family factors affect the regular eating of breakfast and types of foodstuffs consumed in primary school pupils, including food purchases made from vending machines and school tuck shops. Materials and methods. Subjects were 836 pupils (435 girls and 401 boys, aged 6 - 13) from Warsaw and the surrounding areas. Appropriate socio-demographic data and relevant eating habits were obtained from direct interviewing of the subjects by means of a custom designed questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed by the Kohonen type cluster analysis model and Chi-square test (Chi2); (p≤0.05). Results. Three clusters of pupils were identified by their differing socio-demographics and eating habits (eg. rates of breakfast consumption, buying from vending machines or school tuck shops). The first and third clusters were mainly pupils from two-parent families with parents proportionally spending similar times at work, where respective breakfast (87% and 91%) and second breakfast (77% and 72%) consumption rates were also similar together with food shopping rates during school time (respectively 69% and 63%). Pupils with single-parents, multi-generation families or if both parents were professionally active, predominated in the second cluster. These ate breakfast (73%) and second breakfast (67%) more rarely, but more frequently shopped for food at school (84%). A small number of pupils had a packed second breakfast from home, rarely ate sandwiches, fruit and/or vegetables and dairy products but ate more sweets, sweet rolls and savoury snacks. However, a large number of subjects bought sandwiches, fresh fruit and/or vegetables and fast-food at school. Conclusions. Family factors were found to affect eating habits in children and adolescents regarding how often breakfast was eaten and the type of foodstuffs consumed. High consumptions of unhealthy food items for second breakfast were also observed. Single-parent pupils, those in multi-generation families or if both parents are employed rarely brought second breakfasts from home but frequently bought food from vending machines and school tuck shops. The results of the presented findings are significant towards planning an appropriate educational campaigns and health programmes targeted at children, adolescents and their families.
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