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Seeds of mung bean (Vigma radiata L.) were germinated for 7 days in dark, and the sensory quality of their sprouts was compared using a descriptive sensory analysis and consumer testing. In the descriptive analysis a trained panel (n=9) rated the sprouts for appearance, odour, taste and texture. In the affective tests the panelists rated the sprouts for overall quality. Changes in the contents of total phenolics and tannins were monitored for 7 days of germination using spectrophotometric methods. The results proved that the time of germination had a significant effect on the sensory profiles of the samples. All analysed attributes differentiated statistically significantly the sensory profiles of the sprouts. The overall sensory quality of 3-day-old sprouts was essentially better than that of the other samples. A statistically significant correlation was found between the total phenolics and the overall quality (p=0.05), the total phenolics and bitterness (p=0.01), the total phenolic and astringency (p=0.05), proanthocyanidins and bitterness (p=0.01), astringency and the overall quality (p=0.05), as well as bitterness and the overall quality (p=0.05).
There is a worldwide search for the safe, effective and eco-friendly compounds of plant origin to combat the weed species and other pests which are responsible for the great impact on the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. In this present study, a comparison was made to evaluate the phytotoxicity potential of sequentially extracted solvent (hexane, ethyl-acetate, methanol) extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (aerial parts) in vitro through bench-top seed germination assay (Vigna radiata L.). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were done for statistical analysis of the data. The study reveals that germination, growth and vigour was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by ethyl-acetate and methanol extracts. The present study concluded that phytotoxicity of ethylacetate and methanolic crude extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus could be exploited as potential bioherbicide for future weed management programme and the development of bioherbicide for commercial use.
Soil amendments with powdered seeds of Trigonella foenum - graecum (fenugreek) caused soil suppressiveness against Meloidogyne javanica. Decomposed seeds of fenugreek caused marked reduction in nematode population densities and subsequent root-knot development as compared to the aqueous extract of the seeds indicating that some indirect factors are involved in the suppression of root-knot nematode. Both decomposed seeds and aqueous extracts enhanced plant height and fresh weights of Dat whereas root growth remained uninfluenced. Changes in fungal communities associated with nematode control were studied by comparing population numbers of :ngi in the soil and in internal root tissues (endorhiza) in non-amended and fenugreekanded soils. Acremonium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium solani, Macropho'na plwseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were found to colonize inner root tissues of ugbean. Acremonium sp., C. globosum and F.solani were isolated in a relatively her frequency from roots growing in the amended soils while M. phaseolina and R.solani colonized greatly in roots growing in non-amended soil. Of the fungi isolated soils, Penicillium brefaldianum caused maximum juvenile mortality of M. javanica whereas F.solani caused greatest inhibition of egg hatch.
Mung bean CYP90A2 is a putative brassinosteroid (BR) synthetic gene that shares 77% identity with the Arabidopsis CPD gene. It was strongly suppressed by chilling stress. This implies that exogenous treatment with BR could allow the plant to recover from the inhibited growth caused by chilling. In this study, we used proteomics to investigate whether the mung bean epicotyl can be regulated by brassinosteroids under conditions of chilling stress. Mung bean epicotyls whose growth was initially suppressed by chilling partly recovered their ability to elongate after treatment with 24-epibrassinolde; 17 proteins down-regulated by this chilling were re-up-regulated. These up-regulated proteins are involved in methionine assimilation, ATP synthesis, cell wall construction and the stress response. This is consistent with the re-up-regulation of methionine synthase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase, since chilling-inhibited mung bean epicotyl elongation could be partially recovered by exogenous treatment with DL-methionine. This is the first proteome established for the mung bean species. The regulatory relationship between brassinosteroids and chilling conditions was investigated, and possible mechanisms are discussed herein.
Seeds of local trees, such Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Adenanthera pavonina L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Eucalyptus spp., were used as aqueous extract at 25, 50 and 100 % concentration to control the activity of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Citwood. All seed extracts showed lethal effect on M. javanica eggs, and a gradual decrease in egg hatching and an increase in mortality of second-stage juveniles were observed with the increase in extract concentration. L. leucocephala was found to be most effective in reducing egg hatching, whereas 100 % mortality of juveniles was observed in the case of A. indica seed extract. Number of knots was significantly reduced at 100 % concentration when seeds of chick pea and mung bean were treated and soil was drenched with A. pavonina and Eucalyptus spp. seed extract.
Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani are the major soil-borne pathogens causing growth and yield depression. The present study focused on the ability of fluorescent Pseudomonas and Glomus fasciculatum on growth performance of Vigna radiata in pathogen-infested soil. The percent colonization by G. fasciculatum indicated an increase of the presence of fluorescent Pseudomonas and a decrease of the presence of Fusarium oxysporum or Rhizoctonia solani. However, the reduction of colonization induced pathogen in percent was alleviated by fluorescent Pseudomonas. Inoculation with either fluorescent Pseudomonas or G. fasciculatum or both induced a significant increase in root and shoot length, plant vigour index, dry weight and total N and P content in V. radiata as compared to uninoculated control. The impact of inoculation was much pronounced in dual inoculated plants in comparison with those inoculated with either G. fasciculatum or fluorescent Pseudomonas. In contrast, treatment of plants with either F. oxysporum or R. solani decreased the root and shoot length, plant vigour index, dry weight and total N and P content in the test legume. However, in the presence of fluorescent Pseudomonas and G. fasciculatum, the adverse effect on the pathogens on growth of V. radiata was alleviated.
The natural resistance against the majority of potential pathogens that exist in most plant species is known as non-host resistance. Several reports suggest the role of antioxidant enzymes in non-host resistance. We assayed the expression or activity of four scavenging enzymes during non-host pathogen-plant interaction (Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii/mung bean) and host pathogen-plant interaction (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli/mung bean). The expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and the enzyme activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were investigated. The activities of CAT and POX were higher during non-host pathogen invasion vs. host pathogen attack. The expression of SOD and APX were also different between compatible and incompatible interactions. The expression of SOD and APX were higher in the incompatible compared to the compatible interaction. Additionally, induction of the antioxidant enzymes in response to non-host pathogen was earlier than induction in response to host pathogen. Such information is important for plant breeders, and useful when looking for alternative control strategies as well.
Each plant species is regarded to substantially influence and thus, select for specific rhizosphere microbial populations. This is considered in the exploitation of soil microbial diversity associated with important crops, which has been of interest in modern agricultural practices for sustainable productivity. This study used PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) in order to obtain an initial assessment of the bacterial and fungal communities associated in bulk soil and rhizospheres of different mungbean genotypes under natural field conditions. Integrated use of multivariate analysis and diversity index showed plant growth stage as the primary driver of community shifts in both microbial groups while rhizosphere effect was found to be less discrete in fungal communities. On the other hand, genotype effect was not discerned but not inferred to be absent due to possible lack of manifestations of differences among genotypes based on tolerance to drought under non-stressed environment, and due to detection limits of DGGE. Sequence analysis of prominent members further revealed that Bacillus and Arthrobacter species were dominant in bacterial communities whereas members of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were common in fungal communities of mungbean. Overall, fungal communities had higher estimated diversity and composition heterogeneity, and were more dynamic under plant growth influence, rhizosphere effect and natural environmental conditions during mungbean growth in upland field. These primary evaluations are prerequisite to understanding the interactions between plant and rhizosphere microorganisms with the intention of employing their potential use for sustainable crop production.
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses which adversely affect crop growth and production worldwide as water is vital for every aspect of plant growth and development. The present experiment was carried out during the growing seasons (September – December) of 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the response of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) in terms of some important growth indices, biochemical traits and seed quality under drought stress. Four commonly grown genotypes - T9, KU 301(black gram) and Pratap, SG 21-5 (green gram) of Assam, India were grown in a randomized block design with three replications under stress and non-stress conditions. Stress was applied by withholding irrigation for fifteen consecutive days at vegetative, flowering and pod filling stages. Leaf area index (LAI), seed protein content and protein yield significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.01) whereas proline, total flavonoids and anthocyanin content increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in response to water deficiency. Among the studied genotypes, T9 and Pratap showed better tolerance capacity towards the applied drought by presenting higher values of LAI, plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI), dry matter stress tolerance index (DMSI), proline, total flavonoids, anthocyanin, lower percentage of chlorophyll degradation and finally producing high quality seeds.
A experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different plant derivatives against the development of the green gram pest Callosobruchus chinensis (L). fed on green gram seeds Vigna radiate for one month period. The leaf extracts of lemon (Citrus lemon), mint (Mentha arvensis) and black pepper seed (Piper nigram) powders were evaluated for their growth, adult mortality and oviposition inhibition of Callosobruhus chinensis. The results revealed that the extracts of all the three plant products caused a considerable reduction in the number of bruchids. Among the treatments Piper nigram were found to be effective in destroying the pest.
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