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20 individuals of Abramis brama from Gosławskie Lake and 10 individuals from Gopło Lake, central Poland, were investigated on the presence of trypanosomes. The infections of Trypanosoma abramidis LAVERAN and MESNIL, 1904 were detected in three breams from Gosławskie Lake and two in Gopło Lake. The question of the distinctivity of T. abramidis from T. carassii MITROPHANOW, 1883 found in other Cyprinidae in Poland is discussed.
The oligopeptidase B serine protease is an important virulence factor and therapeutic target in Trypanosoma infections. Recently, the Leishmania major Genome Project identified a new oligopeptidase B that was denominated oligopeptidase B-like, herein named oligopeptidase B-2. In this study, a complete open reading frame of oligopeptidase B-2 from Leishmania amazonensis (PH8 strain) was amplified by PCR using primers designed for the oligopeptidase B-2 gene of L. major. The 2,715 bp fragment coded for a protein of 905 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 103,918.9 Da and theoretical pI of 5.82. The encoded protein displayed ∼96% identity with L. major and ∼75% identity with Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei oligopeptidases B-2, and ∼21% identity with Escherichia coli and L. amazonensis classical oligopeptidase B. An unusual C-terminal extension was found in relation to the classical trypanosomatid oligopeptidase B. By sequence alignment, we determined a catalytic triad (Ser 629, Asp 717 and His 758), S1 subsite (Glu 674 and Glu 676) and suggest a difference in the S2 subsite of L. amazonensis oligopeptidase B-2. We also found that the oligopeptidase B-2 gene is expressed in all cycle stages of L. amazonensis. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that oligopeptidase B-2 is a new member of oligopeptidase B.
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On the basis of literature data a review is given of some current problems associated with protozoan parasites. These are: occurrence of sexual process in trypanosomes, biology and taxonomy of Cryptosporidium with remarks on the grounds of coccidian system, incidence and life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii, new findings in the biology of Myxosporidia, the problem of Myxosoma cerebralis - Triactinomyxon, the phenomenon of endogeny in the development of myxosporidian plasmodia, alternative ways in the life cycle of Microsporidia. Changes in the "great systematics" of Protozoa - formation of the kingdom Protista and its implications for protoparasitology are also considered.
The application of biochemical and molecular techniques in parasitological studies has provided increasing evidences of genetic polymorphism among parasite populations. This review presents possible origins of genetic variation within populations of various protozoan species. Since the mode of reproduction has an important influence on genetic polymorphism within parasite populations these considerations refer mainly to some protozoan parasites which have various life cycles, e.g. Giardia, Trypanosoma, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma. Also other factors associated with parasites (such as: transmission and passage history in laboratory conditions; occurrence in different hosts or geographic regions; selective pressure of drugs; competitive interactions between populations) that affect parasite genetic diversity are discussed. However, the number of examined isolates of parasites and genetic markers, assortment of methods, probes, primers and reagents used is also of significance. The significance of genetic variability in parasite populations is still the subject of much interest and controversy. A simple interpretation of such variation is impossible because of the complexity of host-parasite interactions. The knowledge of parasite diversity at the nucleic acids level has continually increased, but a corect interpretation of this phenomenon requires at least the same knowledge of genetic variability in host populations. Nevertheless, genetic variability in protozoan parasites has many important implications, e.g. for taxonomy, epidemiology, control and evolution. Genetic differences within parasite populations might also be associated with phenotypic variability, e.g. virulence, antigenicity, infectivity, drug sensitivity, hostpreference etc.
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