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Activity of spleen lymphocytes derived from T. spiralis-infected C3H/w mice in the local GvH reaction was assessed using the popliteal lymph node GvH assay. It was found that splenocytes obtained on day 10 of the infection were substantially more active in the reaction than the spleen cells collected from uninfected donors. This effect correlated inversely with the infectious dose of the parasite, i.e. cells obtained from mice infected with 500 larvae per mouse were less efficient stimulators of the GvH reaction than splenocytes isolated from mice infected with 200 larvae per mouse. On day 30 of the infection activity of spleen T cells in the GvH reaction was suppressed in comparison to the control splenocytes but on day 60 post infection this activity returned to the baseline level. The above variations in the activity of splenic T lymphocytes in the local GvH reaction were readily quantitated by comparison of the three appropriate parameters assessed in the popliteal lymph nodes of both the infected and control animals and expressed as the mass, cellularity, and proliferation coefficients, respectively.
One month old male Wistar rats were infected with 4,000 T. spiralis muscle larvae and exposed to intraperitoneal challenge with a lyophilized cell wall extract of Propionibacterium granulosum. The animals were arranged in groups which included naive controls, single and concurrent treatment. The latter comprised several groups differing only in the interval between infection with T. spiralis and administration of the bacterial extract. The intensity of infection was assessed during the intestinal (5 DAI, 10 DAI) and muscle (42 DAI) phases of infection, fecundity indices were calculated and changes in the relative concentration of peripheral blood leucocytes, erythrocytes and haemoglobin levels were monitored. No changes in erythrocyte concentration were detected in groups treated with the immunomodulator and infected with T. spiralis, but increased leucocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels depended on the time of treatment in relation to infection and day on which the parameters were monitored. All rats treated with the bacterial extract had lower adult worm counts but harboured worms with enhanced fecundity relative to the control group. The intensity of the muscle phase was lower only in those groups treated with the bacterial extract after nematode infection.
The target of the study was to examine histochemically in vivo the activity of prostaglandin synthetase in Trichinella spiralis larvae in stages of their migration, settlement and encapsulation in the host’s tissues. It was proved that prostaglandins may play certain role in producing circumlarval capsules.
Cross-resistance between Toxocara canis and Trichinella spiralis was studied in CBA/J mice exposed to varying doses of T. canis and 14 days later challenged with 400 larvae of T. spiralis. Intestinal burden of T. spiralis on day 7 post infection (PI) in mice given 25 ova of T. canis was 70% of challenge control burden, but in mice given 250 ova the burden was consistently below 20% of the control value. Male worms were preferentially expelled from mice exposed to T. canis. Recovery of muscle larvae was reduced in mice given 250 ova, but not in mice given 25 ova. Intestinal burdens of T. spiralis in T. canis-sensitized mice (250 ova) was 58% of the control values at 36 h PI, and most of the remaining worms were expelled between 5 and 7 days PI. Worms from mice given 250 ova released lower numbers of newborn larvae in vitro.
The present study has examined the level of total IgA and antigen-specific IgA antibodies in serum and bile in various inbred strains of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. These strains of mice differ in the speed at which they expel the adult worms from the gut. BALB/c and CBA mice expel adult worms faster than C3H and C57BL/6 mice. However, the CBA strain of mice is more resistant to the establishment of an initial infection of T. spiralis than BALB/c mice. While total serum IgA and bile sIgA concentrations correlated with the time course of the expulsion of adult worms, there was no similar correlation between IgA concentrations and the intensity of T. spiralis infection during the muscle phases of infection in any of the strains of mice investigated. Specific IgA antibodies in sera and sIgA antibodies in bile were measured by ELISA in C57BL/6 mice using crude somatic L1 muscle larvae (AgL1) and crude adult worm (AgAd) antigens. A pronounced increase in sIgA antibodies to AgL1 antigen was found by day 9 of infection in bile. However, a gradual increase in IgA in serum to AgAd antigen was observed from 6 till 24 DAI. Specific IgA response in serum to AgAd was much higher than to AgL1 and, in contrast the sIgA response in bile, was more pronounced to AgL1 than to AgAd. This result suggests that bile may also provide a valuable source of sIgA.
Two thousand and five hundred pigs coming from one fattening pig farm were examined for the presence of Trichinella spiralis. Infestation was stated in 28 animals. The application of a digestive method allowed to find T. spiralis larvae in other 64 pigs. A total 92 pigs (3.68 per cent) proved to be infected. Of 21 rats originated from the same farm 13 animals were infested with T. spiralis (61.9 per cent) using a compressive method and 15 individuals (71.43 per cent) by a digestive one. In some rats the appearance of larvae and sheets around them suggested multiple infestation — superinvasions. Inappropiate zoohygienic conditions and a high population of rats infested in a very high percentage with T. spiralis influenced favourably the infestation of pigs with the mentioned parasite.
In muscle mitochondria of mice infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae and treated by following benzimidazoles: mebendazole (MBZ), oxfendazole (OXF) and thiabendazole (TBZ) their differential influence on uncoupling of host mitochondria was observed. Both MBZ and OXF (in doses of 80 mg/kg of body weight and 60 mg/kg of body weight, respectively) improved the bioenergetic properties of host muscles mitochondria i.e. increase the respiratory control index (RCI) in the muscular phase of this infection. The experiments with the use of OXF in Trichinella pseudospiralis infection have proved that this drug normalizes also in this infection the activity of two mitochondrial inner membrane-located enzymes: mtATPase and SDH in the muscular phase of the infection. A similar effectiveness of OXF in the latter infection was reached using a single and a double dose of the drug (200 mg/kg of body weight, divided into two parts).
The effect of single infection (2000 infective larvae) with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis (both in the intestinal phase) on rat serum methacycline (MC) level was investigated. The infected animals showed a tendency for an initial increase in the serum MC concentration. In rats infected with T. spiralis, as compared with those infected with T. pseudospiralis and with controls, the maximal serum MC concentration was shifted from the 2nd to the 3rd hour after oral MC administration. Rats infected with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis, as compared with controls, exhibited a substantial drop in serum MC concentration after 4 h from MC administration. The present results indicate that in intestinal trichinellosis the host intestinal absorption of MC is more rapid and shorter, and the doses of MC absorbed in infected rats are lesser than in controls.
The most pronounced decline in the percentage of CD4⁺ lymphocytes in MLN of mice infected with T. spiralis was observed when the nitrite was administrated for 10 or 25 days. Less pronounced differences were observed in percentage of CD8⁺ lymphocytes, both in MLN and PP of mice. Infection with T. spiralis alone brought a pronounced decline of CD4⁺ lymphocytes in MLN, whereas the percentage of CD8⁺ lymphocytes remained at the level of control. Treatment with sodium nitrite alone caused a clear increase in the percentage of CD8⁺ cells as compare to untreated and non-infected control. The latter phenomenon may result in depressed immune responses, possibly responsible for a greater intensity of T. spiralis infection in sodium nitrite-treated mice.
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