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The Apicomplexa are a diverse group of intracellular parasitic protists. The majority of species from the classes Coccidea, Haemosporea and Piroplasmea are responsible for widespread diseases of humans and domestic animals. Oocysts of these parasites can persist for long periods of time in the environment (i.e. in water, soil, on vegetation and other food resources), maintaining their infectivity even under harsh environmental conditions and therefore are important for dispersal and transmission to hosts. This review will address the biology, transmission patterns and survival in the environment of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora and Toxoplasma species, the most common causes of human diseases.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis, listeriosis and brucellosis in goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) in Sanliurfa region, Turkey. A total of 82 sera were collected from healthy gazelles and tested for listeriosis, brucellosis and toxoplasmosis by the Osebold Agglutination Test (OAT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Sabin-Feldman Dye Test (SFDT), respectively. 82 gazelles 5 (6.09%) were seropositive for listeriosis, 23 (28.04 %) for toxoplasmosis and all of them were seronegative for brucellosis. No statistically significant differences were observed between male and female gazelles in the seroprevalences of toxoplasmosis and listeriosis. As a result, the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria spp. specific antibodies in G. subgutturosa in the region of Sanliurfa was determined.
The application of biochemical and molecular techniques in parasitological studies has provided increasing evidences of genetic polymorphism among parasite populations. This review presents possible origins of genetic variation within populations of various protozoan species. Since the mode of reproduction has an important influence on genetic polymorphism within parasite populations these considerations refer mainly to some protozoan parasites which have various life cycles, e.g. Giardia, Trypanosoma, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma. Also other factors associated with parasites (such as: transmission and passage history in laboratory conditions; occurrence in different hosts or geographic regions; selective pressure of drugs; competitive interactions between populations) that affect parasite genetic diversity are discussed. However, the number of examined isolates of parasites and genetic markers, assortment of methods, probes, primers and reagents used is also of significance. The significance of genetic variability in parasite populations is still the subject of much interest and controversy. A simple interpretation of such variation is impossible because of the complexity of host-parasite interactions. The knowledge of parasite diversity at the nucleic acids level has continually increased, but a corect interpretation of this phenomenon requires at least the same knowledge of genetic variability in host populations. Nevertheless, genetic variability in protozoan parasites has many important implications, e.g. for taxonomy, epidemiology, control and evolution. Genetic differences within parasite populations might also be associated with phenotypic variability, e.g. virulence, antigenicity, infectivity, drug sensitivity, hostpreference etc.
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