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Genetic diversity of common thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) by the RAPD method was evaluated. The investigated populations of both species significantly differed in respect of developmental traits as well the content and composition of essential oil. The content of essential oil in the herb Thymus pulegioides was higher. Phenolic substances (thymol and carvacrol) dominated in the essential oil of Thymus pulegioides, whereas terpens (β-myrcene, cineol, borneol and β-cariophyllene) in the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum.
The influence of the time of distillation on the content and composition of essential oil isolated from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) by hydrodistillation was investigated. The GC-MS data showed that the essential oil was rich in carvacrol (30.90–46.16%) and its biogenetic precursors γ-terpinene (5.72–9.09%) and p-cymene (4.51–13.46%). Other constituents identified in significant amounts were β-caryophyllene, carvacrol methyl ether and (-)-β-bisabolene. On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that time of distillation had no effect on essential oil content. Moreover, there was no significant effect of the distillation time on the content of essential oil constituents found in the experiment.
Antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) of oil from common thyme and wild thyme was as­sessed. Also the time necessary for gaining bactericidal effect by using these oils was determined. Four straits of standard bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. The experiment showed that the essential oil of common thyme had higher antibacterial activity both against Gram-posi­tive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, in comparison to the essential oil of wild thyme, which resulted from differences in composition of essential oil of these two species. Es­sential oil of common thyme was characterized by high content of thymol, whereas in essential oil of wild thyme the main compounds were terpenes.
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