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Seven species of Cylicocyclus Ihle, 1922 (Nematoda: Strongylidae) were collected from donkeys from Henan Province, China. Five samples of each species were selected for sequencing. Sixteen different internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences representing the seven species of Cylicocyclus were obtained. Sequence differences in the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) among species was lower than that of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the combined ITS-1 and ITS-2 data sets from the present study and using reference sequences from the GenBank database. The MP and ML trees were similar in topology. The phylogenetic trees were divided into two clades. Clade I included 8 species of Cylicocyclus; within this group, Cylicocyclus leptostomus (Kotlan, 1920) is nested between different samples of Cylicocyclus ashworthi (LeRoux, 1924), suggesting C. ashworthi may represent a species complex. Clade II included Cylicocyclus elongatus (Looss, 1900) and Cylicocyclus ultrajectinus (Ihle, 1920); however, these two species always clustered with the comparative species (Petrovinema poculatum (Looss, 1900) and Poteriostomum imparidentatum Quiel, 1919), suggesting that C. elongatus and C. ultrajectinus represent members of other genera.
The aim of the study was to compare the course and dynamics of strongyles invasion in treated and untreated primitive Polish horses. Grovermina paste (ivermectin) was used in September for treating horses from a group of stables. One month following the treatment the extensiveness of strongyles invasion in the mares decreased to 19% and the following month it had increased to 71%. From December the eggs of the nematodes were observed in the faeces of all the mares. The lowest intensity of invasion was in October, following which it slowly increased. In March it was similar to its state prior treatment. In stallions from the same group, the eggs of strongyles were not found in all months except October. In horses from forest breeding, the eggs of the nematodes were found during the whole period of the study. In September, October and November their number in mares' faeces was considerably higher than in mares from alcove breeding, while in stallions it was elevated only in November. Based on the data obtained it was ascertained that the strongyles invasion reappeared after 2-3 months in horses during their period when they were kept in stables
Three parts of the large intestine, i.e. the dorsal and ventral colon, and caecum in 41 working horses from small farms in southern Poland were examined. Five species of large strongyles (3 migratory species from genus Strongylus and 2 non-migratory from genus Triodontophorus) and as well as 17 species of cyathostomes were revealed. The prevalence of large strongyles was observed, accordingly: Strongylus vulgaris - 80.5%, S. equinus - 9.8%, S. edentatus - 4.9%, Triodontophorus serratus - 19.5% and T. brevicauda - 7.3%. Among cyathostomes, 5 most prevalent species were Cyathostomum catinatum - 31.7%, Coronocyclus coronatus - 31.7%, Cylicostephanus calicatus - 24.4%, Cylicocyclus nassatus - 24.4% and C. ashworthi - 19.5%. The highest prevalence of S. vulgaris among all Strongylidae isolated specimens suggests that the infection with this parasite should be taken into account in the diagnosis of colics in working horses kept in the small farming system.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the pasture season on the level of strongyles infection in horses from a multi-herd farm. The investigations comprised Pure Blood Arabian horses: yearlings (n = 70-101), two-year-olds (n = 62-80) and mares (n = 141-148) kept in the pasture-housed system and dewormed twice a year, before and after the pasture seasons, with ivermectine. Fecal egg counts (Mc Master method) and larvae culture by Henriksen and Korsholme were conducted each year in April, June, August and in October in the years 2004-2006. Based on the obtained results, the mean prevalence of the infection (%), EPG and the percentage of cyathostomes or strongyles in Strongyliae community were calculated. The mean seasonal prevalence of the infection with small strongyles as well as EPG were the highest in 2004 and were consistently dropping in all groups of horses in the following years. Two-year-old horses were infected the most: on average they have been expelling 1630 EPG in 2004 while only 165 EPG in 2006. A high strongyle egg count in horses in the autumn has an influence on a high level of the infection in the spring of the following year. Consequently, a low level of strongyles infection in the autumn causes a low egg output in the spring of the following year. Larval differentiation revealed a dominance of small strongyles (Cyathostominae), whereas the population of large strongyles (Strongylinae) was lower than 1%. The dropping level of strongyle infections in horses observed in the studies in the subsequent years might have been caused by climatic factors (high temperature and low humidity), which did not favor the development and survival of infective strongyles larvae on pastures.
Two new nematode species, Bakeria schadi sp. nov. and Falcaustra malaysiaia sp. nov. from the gastrointestinal tract of McGuire’s rock gecko, Cnemaspis mcguirei (Sauria: Gekkonidae) collected in Peninsular Malaysia are described. The two species now assigned to Bakeria are separated on the bases of male bursa type and location of the excretory pore: type II in B. schadi sp. nov. and type I in B. bakeri; location of excretory pore, anterior to nerve ring in B. schadi sp. nov. and posterior to nerve ring in B. bakeri. Falcaustra malaysiaia sp. nov. is most similar to F. chabaudi, F. concinnae, F. condorcanquii, F. barbi, F. dubia, and F. tchadi in that these 7 species possess 1 pseudosucker, 1 median papilla plus 10 pairs caudal papillae, and spicules with lengths between 1 and 2 mm. F. barbi and F. tchadi lack adcloacal papillae; the remaining 5 species possess 1 pair of adcloacal papillae. Falcaustra chabaudi is known from Nearctic salamanders; F. concinnae from Nearctic turtles; F. condorcanquii from Neotropical frogs, F. dubia from Oriental frogs, and F. malaysiaia sp. nov. from Oriental geckos. Two additional species of Nematoda were found, Cosmocerca ornata and Meteterakis singaporensis. Cnemaspis mcguirei represents a new host record for Cosmocerca ornata and Meteterakis singaporensis.
A diagnostic deworming of 21 Przewalski horses, free−living in the Chernobyl exclusion zone Ukraine, and of six stabled domestic horses, has been conducted eighteen years after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. This survey yielded 31 species (of 5 families and 3 classes, 28 species of nematodes, 1 species of cestodes, and 2 larvae of botflies). A total 29 and 19 helmith species has been recorded in the Przewalski horse and domestic horse respectively. Only six helmith species were common for the two horse species. Species from the family Strongylidae constituted the dominant helmith group. Four cyathostomine species (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus minutes, C. longibursatus, Cylicocyclus nassatus) formed the majority of helmith parasites both in the Przewalski and domestic horses. The presently reported study revealed that Przewalski's horses keep their typical biological features and high resistance to parasitic infections. A substantial growth of heard was observed as well as good clinical health state of horses. This can be an argument favouring the use of Przewalski horses in re-naturalization of ecological disaster areas.
The study was performed to evaluate intensity of strongylid infection in stabled tarpans using the method of collecting worms after anthelmintic treatment and in wild tarpans from Popielne reserve on the basis of faecal examination. After treatment with ivermectin 12 cyathostomes and one large strongyle species were recovered from the faeces of two tarpans. The most abundant cyathostome species were C. catinatum, C. pateratum, C. longibursatum, C. nassatum and C. coronatus. A higher intensity of infections with small strongyles (cyathostomes) was found in stabled group than in the group from the reserve. Large strongyles were more prevalent in wild tarpans, with Strongylus vulgaris as most common species (66.7%), but the intensity of infection was low. The present results are compared with earlier studies of horses in Poland and other countries. The results confirm the stability of cyathostomes in different breed ofhorses over the world.
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