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European bladder nut has its northern limit in Poland and is legally protected. Climatic conditions, edible seeds attractive for small animals and seed dormancy to a large extent affect its restocking under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to determine conditions for seed dormancy release. Nuts dried after collection to ca 11% of moisture content (fresh weight basis) may be stored without loss of seed viability for over 1 year in a cold store at the temperature of -3oC. For the purpose of seed dormancy release nuts need to be stratified. Seed dormancy release was found highest after the application of warm-followed-by-cold stratification, first for 4-6 weeks at the temperature of 15oC or at cyclically alternating temperature of 10~20oC (24+24 h/cycle), followed by 16-18 weeks at 3oC. Seeds germinate at 3oC with the same rate as at cyclically alternating temperature of 3~15oC (16+8 h/day). Drying of nuts at room temperature to approx. 11% during the warm stratification phase (after 2 or 4 weeks) and further stratification resulted in a significant increase in seed germinability. In some seed lots scarification of nuts (dried during the warm stratification phase) contributes to a further significant increase of seed germinability.
Immunomodulating activity of leaf decoctions from four Staphylea species (Staphylea colchica Stev., S. elegans Zab., S. holocarpa Hemsl. and S. pinnata L.) was studied on human mononuclear cells. Phagocytic activity of mononuclear cells was highest after incubation with the extract of S. holocarpa Hemsl. S. colchica Stev. possesses the highest lysozyme activity, a little lower values were determined by S. holocarpa Hemsl. and S. pinnata L. The inhibition of the peroxidase activity of mononuclear cells was most significant in S. holocarpa Hemsl., in opposition on S. pinnata L., the only species that showed the stimulating effect on the immune cells again. All the studied species showed the immunomodulating activity, S. pinnata L. seems to be immunostimulating only. S. colchica Stev. and S. holocarpa Hemsl. are the most prospective species from the view of immunomodulating activity.
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Bladdernut (Staphylea pinnata L.) in Polish folklore

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Staphylea pinnata occurs in Europe, mainly in central and SE areas, and in Asia Minor. In Poland it has a few dozen localities in the Carpathians, plus scattered localities in other regions of southern Poland. The aim of the article was to summarise records on its traditional use in Poland. In some places of its occurrence Staphylea used to be a revered shrub, with many uses. Its hard seeds were used for making beads in rosaries. Its very hard wood was used to make butter-making dashers and small crosses. Due to the magic, apotropaic properties the plant was believed to have, not only were crosses made of it, but the plant’s branches were blessed in churches (with other important plants) on Palm Sunday, on the eighth day after Corpus Christi, and on August the 15th. The branches were also attached to cows’ horns, for magic purposes. Most of the presented traditonal uses are practically extinct now, but are still remembered by the most elderly people. Only the making of bladdernut seed rosaries is still practiced by some monks, nuns and hobbyists. In Lubzina near Ropczyce a special church service is organised on the 15th of August, in which the plant is blessed. Branches with bladdernut fruits are also blessed ( by single individuals) on that day in some churches in the region south of Jasło. The variety of traditional uses of bladdernut in magic rituals strongly supports the hypotheses that the plant was grown from times immemorial and many of its localities are of anthropogenic origin.
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