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The use of selective insecticides could improve conservation of natural enemies and therefore contribute to the success of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In this study, the toxicity of one selective insecticide, Spinosad to common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephens was evaluated. Several stages of C. carnea larvae were exposed to Spinosad under laboratory conditions. The used quantities of Spinosad were less than the maximum recommended rate given on the product label. In contact bioassay tests, a direct relationship was detected between the concentration of Spinosad and mortality rate of first instar larvae. So that, the employing of 250 and 2 500 ppm of Spinosad caused 33 and 67 per cent mortality, respectively. Mortality rate was recorded 1-3 day post treatment. In implementation of 250 ppm of Spinosad on second and third instar larvae showed negligible mortality rate after 3 days whereas the first instars larvae suffered 33 per cent mortality. On the basis of collected data we could conclude that Spinosad is not to be considered to have an environmental safety profile on C. carnea similarly to well established biological insecticides.
A new group of insecticides belonging to the category of bio-pesticides, namely – spinosyns, is discussed. The spinosyns are the products of bacterial fermentation by microorganisms Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Actinomycetes group) in a nutrient media. The chemical structures of spinosyns, also those developed by the semi-synthetic and biochemical modifications, as well as their insecticidal properties and mechanism of biological activity, the range of their application in crop protection and the commercially available products based on them, are reviewed.
Organic crop production must obey strict regulations. In recent years, it is promoted in Poland by government financial support which has been reflected in Rural Areas Development Plans for 2004–2006 and 2007–2013. Thanks to putting into effect the agricultural and environmental package „Organic production”, Polish farmers can apply for EU surcharges, which are targeted at those who by implementation of organic production do not contribute to environmental pollution. Implementation of organic production forced the farmers to obey the EU Council Regulation No 834/2007 on organic production and labeling of organic products. In other EU countries, farmers growing organic crops have access to a wider range of „ecological” insecticides than do the farmers in Poland; these include such insecticides as spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D), azadirachtin and rotenone. There was then a need to develop an analytical method for the mentioned insecticides before they are registered in Poland. In this work, the QuEChERS sample preparation technique was used prior to ultra performance liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of „ecological” insecticides in plant material (tomato and cabbage) as well as in soil. Very satisfactory analytical performance date were obtained at three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg. Limits of determination were 0.01 mg/kg in all cases. The method was used to analyze samples under grant No NN 310 4358 33r, entitled „Application of natural substances in protection of organically grown potato and cabbage”, being in progress in Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute.
Efforts have been made during the past three decades to develop insecticides with selective properties that act specifically on biochemical sites present in a particular insect group, but whose properties differ from those present in mammals. This approach has led to the discovery of compounds that affect the hormonal regulation of molting and developmental processes in insects such as ecdysone agonists, juvenile hormone (JH) mimics and chitin synthesis inhibitors. The search for potent acylureas has led to the development of novaluron (Rimon) developed by Makhteshim Chemical Works. The LC-50 value of novaluron on 3rd-instar Spodoptera littoralis fed on treated leaves is approximately 0.1 mg a.i./liter. This value resembles that of chlorfluazuron and is tenfold lower than that of teflubenzuron. Novaluron affects nymphs of Bemisia tabaci more than chlorfluazuron and teflubenzuron. Artificial rain, at a rate of 40 mm/h applied 5 and 24 h after treatment in a cotton field had no appreciable effect on the potency of novaluron on both S. littoralis larvae and B. tabaci nymphs. Hence, novaluron can be used in tropical areas and during rainy seasons. In general, benzoylphenyl ureas had no direct effect on parasitoids and phytoseiids and are considered mildly affect other natural enemies. Novaluron has no cross-resistance with conventional insecticides, the JH mimics pyriproxyfen and neonicotinoids. As such, it is considered an important compound in pest management programs.
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