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The primary goal of the paper is to state the financial benchmark values for liquidity ratios in Slovak agriculture. Authors measured liquidity with current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio which are the traditional way of liquidity measurement. Using descriptive statistics authors describe the liquidity performance of more than 1,100 enterprises in each period in 2004–2011. Based on the results authors can conclude that the common recommended values for liquidity ratios cannot be used for agriculture. The overall liquidity in agriculture is much lower and therefore the results presented in this article can be used as a benchmark for individual enterprises comparison.
Land consolidation projects in the Slovak Republic have reached the state where there is sufficient sample of valuable information (planimetric and hypsographic measurements, updated maps of estimated pedologic-ecological units, concepts of local territorial system of ecological stability, plans for the general principles of functional organization of the territory, etc.) for society. The contribution points out need to create a uniform public or archiving information system (database), which is incurred in landscape planning activities in model areas. By now several information systems created in Slovakia are not connected one to another and thus cannot be further use. The article pointed out the procedures leading to the processing of a unified information system that collects and archives the outputs of landscaping activities in the area. This is dedicated to the administrators, system users and use cases of the unified system. Therefore we emphasized the importance of system deployment defined for different users. Next step is to describe the input to the elaboration of a comprehensive database. The system is demonstrated on the basis of data obtained from land consolidation projects. Subsequently, we present all computed graphical information by publishing on the local console of OpenGeoSuite environment.
A total 44 isolates of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) belonged to three different phage types (PTs) 9a, 13a, 25 were analyzed by the technique of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty and three strains were from two outbreaks (central and southern regions of the Slovak Republic PTs 13a, 25) and 11 isolates were sporadic isolates (PT9a). These isolates showed two different patterns in PFGE with Xbal digestion. Strains of PT13a generated PFP A and isolates of PT25 showed uniform PFP B. Nine sporadic isolates of PT9a belonged to PFP A and two isolates to PFP B. The PFPs A and B were differed by only two bands. The distribution of Xbal profiles did not corresponded with PTs. We conclude that the close genetic similarity observed between epidemiologically unrelated and outbreak-related isolates ofS. Enteritidis suggest clonal relationship of these isolates.
After 1989 the deep decreases in agricultural production and incomes were observed in Slovakia. The reason was negative development of agricultural terms of trade and decline of government support. Since agriculture was heavily subsidized and politically preferred in pretransformation period, decline of agricultural production indicates an improvement of resource allocation. Decline of agricultural production was deepened by transformation uncertainty and inefficiency of economic and legal institutions. Extreme distribution of land ownership, non- transparent ownership rights, inefficient financial markets and uncertain economic contracts were major problems. Development of agricultural policy after 1989 went from liberalism through ad hoc protectionism to adjustment of instruments of agricultural policy to those of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU. In recent years, the level of support of agriculture is much lower than that in the EU. It is slightiy higher than in other Yisegrad countries, however. Agricultural support comes from bom consumers and taxpayers. Consu­mers pay higher prices because of price support while taxpayers pay higher taxes due to production and export subsidies. Agricultural support relative to GDP per capita is now rather high. Before EU accession Slovakia will have to adopt instruments ofthe CAP and gradually also the level of support that is in the EU, Joining the EU and adoption of CAP will increase agricultural prices, consumers' welfare will decrease and agricultural producers' welfare will increase and Slovakia will become a net beneficiary of the common budget of the EU. The possible impact of CAP for Slovak agriculture is uncertain. Bom net transfers from the EU and the enhancement of efficiency of economic (market) and legal institutions should have a positive effect, whereas the worsening of allocation of resources in economy will have negative effect.
Regional development is determined by regional growth factors, their ability of exploitation. Economic base created by different industries is an important developing factor. Their com­binations predetermine region's economic orientation and create assumptions for its future development. The article shows economic base of Slovak regions and on the bases of locali­zation analysis explains disparities of different economic development of individual territory units. Localization analysis belongs to the classic technics of space analysis, which through partial technics (e.g. localization coefficient, specialization coefficient, Lorenz curve) describes the relations between industries and the number of inhabitants.
The article deals with Prešov self-administration centre, its position within the Slovak Republic. Based on the statistical data she tries to find out its advantages and disadvantages in the further development. The industrial parks that have been already built as well as those that are to be built should support it. In the summary they suggest recommendations that Prešov self-administration centre can use for its further trend.
As is known, the investment generates three major effects – capacity, substitution, income. Substitution effect is just currently a dominant factor in the further development of wood processing industry in the Slovak republic (WPI SR). The paper presents the impact of investment on productivity growth, as well as formulation of selected measures for investment and growth in the overall prosperity of the wood processing industry in Slovakia.
Byla vypracována metodika odběru potu a jeho analýzy, která má zpřesnit podklady pro doplňování ztrát tekutin a minerálů při intenzivní fyzické činnosti. Během sledování v laboratorních i v terénních podmínkách u dobrovolníků byly měřeny teplota a vlhkost vzduchu, teplota zvukovodu a kůže, tlak krve, srdeční frekvence. V podpaždí a na hrudi probandů byly připevněny odběrové potní misky. Vlastní ztráta tekutin byla určena z rozdílu hmotnosti probanda před a po vyšetření. Stanovení obsahu chloridů v lidském potu bylo provedeno pomocí iontové chromatografie a obsah Na⁺ a K⁺ iontů pomocí atomové absorpční spektrometrie. Při intenzivních pracovních činnostech, v závislosti na klimatických podmínkách zevního prostředí, byly za sledované období naměřeny ztráty tekutin dosahující až 900 ml a ztráty minerálů až téměř 10 g. Při delší zátěži dochází k snižování koncentrace minerálů v potu. Množství tekutin ztracených při zátěži závisí i na výchozím stavu hydratace organismu.
The sources for the given subject research were preliminary organisational structures and systems of tax administrations that are currently in place in Slovakia as well as in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovenia. The basic presumption of the research is the increase of the system effectiveness en bloc. Based on the trends analysis we assume, that the upcoming reform of the Tax and Customs Administrations shall contribute significantly to the increase of the system effectiveness and at the same time bring along the improvement in positive perceiving of taxes, seen by public as socially unpopular obligations.
The goal of the paper is to highlight the importance of using modern process indicators for improving business performance. The paper is focused on analysis of primary research results dealing with using modern methods of business process management in Slovak enterprises. Precondition is to confirm relevance between business performance and using modern process indicators. In the paper a business performance evaluation is presented by return on equity. This indicator is the most known performance indicator for Slovak managers.
The technical efficiency was applied as the fundamental measure for production efficiency estimation, which is a prerequisite for total economical efficiency of the firm. Analysis of productivity and efficiency development could be used to estimate trend and factors influencing this process. The paper deals with input efficiency estimation in the production process of agricultural basic industry companies.
EU membership brought new challenges for the agricultural sector. The break up of large-scale cooperatives has been changing since the process of transformation. Agricultural cooperatives still cultivate 51% of agricultural land in Slovakia. The land is leased from the state to private owners. Property rights are not settled yet. This paper deals with the comparison of profit and loss in agricultural cooperatives and other legal forms of businesses in Slovakia. Ratios of liquidity, profitability, solvency and activity were used in this research. Discrepancies found between agricultural cooperatives and other corporate forms are discussed. Because of the loss in agriculture sector last year, reasons of origin are analyzed and recommendations are given for businesses to improve their financial performance.
Main attention of this contribution is devoted to the interpretation and measurement of competitiveness as well as to the factors of competitiveness of the agrofood sector on the commodity-sector level and to identify which commodities affect the macroeconomic charac­teristics of competitiveness of the Slovak economy and search by this away for the link between macroeconomic characteristics and the characteristics of competitiveness in the commodity-sector disaggregation.
Ten countries, including Slovakia, will join EU in 2004. Implementation of CAP is an integral part of the EU accession. Adoption of CAP will have a significant impact on the Slovak agriculture and economy. Support of farmers in Slovakia will increase after accession. Also policy instruments used to support agriculture will change. Major part of support will be provided by payments per hectare of agricultural land (SAPS). There will be also increase of prices, of most agricultural products because intervention prices at which EU purchases surplus production, are generally higher in the EU than in Slovakia. EU accession and adoption of CAP will complete a decade of agricultural reforms in Slovakia. These reforms changed the structure of agricultural sector as it had to adjust to market conditions and reduced role of the state regulation.
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