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Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Alismataceae) and Sium latifolium L. (Apiaceae) can grow both under flooding and moderate water deficit. Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays a critical role in the metabolism of plants under hypoxia participating in fermentation of sugars to ethanol - the primary mechanism of energy production in hypoxic roots. This study was aimed to characterize localization of ADH activity and its isozyme spectrum in roots of the aerial-aquatic and terrestrial plants. Cytochemical localization revealed that the ADH activity was associated with the root tip in aerial-aquatic plants. The ADH spectrum consisted of two isozymes in the A. plantago-aquatica roots and three isozymes in the S. latifolium ones. At the same time ADH activity was not observed in the roots of terrestrial plants. However, the weak ADH activity appeared in the roots of terrestrial plants after temporary flooding in time-dependent manner. The established changes in ADH gene expression in different water environment demonstrate its significant role in plant phenotypic plasticity.
The goal of the study was to evaluate the accumulation of aquaporin mRNA in Sium latifolium leaves at the different developmental stages under moderate water deficit. The accumulation of aquaporin mRNA in leaves of two ecotypes of Sium latifolium: air-aquatic (control) and terrestrial ecotype (affected by moderate water deficit) was studied using RT-PCR analysis and degenerate primers complementary to conservative motifs of the majority of dicotyledons PIP aquaporin mRNA. It was concluded that moderate water deficit has a strong impact on the expression of S. latifolium PIP aquaporins.
The influence of moderate water deficit on both the ultrastructure of epidermal cell walls and cellulose content in the walls of Sium latifolium leaves during flowering and fruitage stage was studied. The ultrastructure of walls of adaxial and abaxial surface was studied by the scanning electron microscopy. Complex of cellulose with calcofluor in the cell walls of both adaxial, abaxial epidermis and mesophyll of two ecological forms of S. latifolium leaves was visualized by the laser-confocal microscopy. S. latifolium plants grew in water and under influence of moderate water deficit. The images of quantitative distribution of cellulose in the cell walls were obtained on cellular level depending on the type of leaf tissue, growth stage and on the conditions of plant growth. The decrease of amorphous cellulose and the increase of crystalline cellulose were established in the process of growth and under the influence of water deficit. The role of cellulose in the cellular mechanisms of adaptation to water deficit is discussed.
The content of total lipids and lipofuscins was determined in leaves of S. latifolium aerial-aquatic and terrestrial plants at the flowering and fruiting phases. There were no significant differences in the lipid total content between aerial-aquatic and terrestrial plants at the flowering phase. At the fruiting phase, the lipid content was lower in terrestrial plants. Lipofuscins, the so-called senescence pigments, were determined in plants of both ecotypes at the flowering phase, although visible symptoms of senescence were absent. At the fruiting phase, there was an accumulation of lipofuscins in aerial-aquatic and terrestrial plants that may be explained by progressive senescence. The lipofuscin content was higher in terrestrial plants at both phases of ontogenesis. We concluded that earlier and more intensive senescence is typical for terrestrial plants, which are in the conditions of chronic moderate water deficit on the riverside.
The distribution and content of calcium ions in organelles, cytoplasm and celi walls of leaf mesophyll and epidermis of Sium latifolium air-water and terrestrial plants at various developmental stage was investigated. It was established that the relative content of Ca2+ in cells changed in relation to growth stage and environmental growth conditions. Moderate water deficit led to the increase of calcium content in chloroplasts and nucleus of palisade mesophyll, and in cell walls of adaxial epidermis of plants that were collected at flowering phase. At fruitage stage, water deficit led to the decrease of Ca2+ in chloroplasts and in cytoplasm of mesophyll cells and in cell walls of epidermis. The obtained results show that these data can be used as a basis for future studies on the mechanisms of calcium redistribution and the role of ion channels in plant cells under water deficit.
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