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The authors pay attention to an occurrence of the taxon Ceratophyllus sciurorum sciurorum (Schrank, 1803) (Siphonaptera) in Slovakia during the whole season. The curve of occurrence this taxon of fleas has showed two high points. The first top has been achieved in April and second one followed in October. In December the authors have noticed a period and named it "cocoon block". This course of the curve has been found at the species from family Myoxidae, mostly. On the other hand, the course of curve of the birdboxes nesters has the opossite position, the high points have been recorded in autumn. A conspicuous differences has been probably caused by different biology of nesters of Myoxidae and birds in boxes. The ratio of males to females these ecological groups of hosts was different, too.
3
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Pchly z gniazd nurogesia [Mergus merganser L.]

86%
In 1993 43 nests of Goosander from the Jasień Lake near Bytów were collected and checked on fleas presence. Ceratophyllus gallinae, the only one fleas species, was found in 60,5% nests. Among nests where the fleas were found the most frequent were those inhibited by 1-10 specimens of fleas (12 nests). The highest mean number of fleas per nest and the highest percentage of nests with fleas were noted before the breeding season has started (in March) and the lowest after the fresh brood in May. More fleas were noted in nests with successful broods. M. merganser was not yet noted in Polish literature as a host of C. gallinae in Poland.
In material from bird nests in the Kaliningrad area (the Baltic, settlement Rybachiy), the authors determined 7 flea species: Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank, 1803); C. garei Rothschild, 1902; C.farreni Rothschild, 1905; C.fringillae (Walker, 1856); C.hirundinis (Curtis, 1926); C. rusticus Wagner, 1903; and C. sciurorum (Schrank, 1781). Their representation on the various hosts is given in Table I. Dominant in nests coming from tree hollows was C. gallinae (99.0%), and in nest on buildings, of Delichon urbica - C. hirundinis (85.6%). In 4 specimens of the genus Ceratophyllus, the authors found striking abnormalities of taxonomically important tergites and sternites on their backs (Figs. 2-4). They are of such a nature as to preclude a reliable determination of the relevant specimens.
Seasonal dynamics of Ceratophyllus hirundinis (Curtis, 1826) (Siphonaptera, Insecta) in the nests of Delichon urbica (L.). The annual cycle of C. hirundinis was studied in 61 nests of Delichon urbica. Fleas were found in the 45 nests. In the number of adults two peaks were observed, the lower in March and the higher in October. Females outnumbered males throughout the year.
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Rola pcheł w przyrodzie i życiu człowieka

72%
Fleas associated with small mammals from the Argentinean Monte Desert, were examined. The research was carried out in Ñacuñán Biosphere Reserve (34°02'S, 67°58'W), in the Chaqueña Biogeographic Subregion of the Neotropical Region. Mammal species trapped were as follows: Rodentia, Muridae, Sigmodontinae: Akodon molinae Contreras, 1968 (N = 44), Graomys griseoflavus (Waterhouse, 1837) (N = 15), Calomys musculinus (Thomas, 1913) (N = 12), and Eligmodontia typus F. Cuvier, 1837 (N = 7); Didelphiomorphia, Didelphidae, Mamorsinae: Thylamys pusillus (Desmarest, 1804) (N = 1). A total of 236 fleas were collected: Stephanocircidae, Craneopsyllinae: Craneopsylla minerva wolffhuegeli (Rothschild, 1909); Rhopalopsyllidae, Rhopalopsyllinae: Polygenis (Polygenis) bohlsi bohlsi (Wagner, 1901), Polygenis (Polygenis) platensis cisandinus (Jordan, 1939) and Polygenis (Neopolygenis) puelche Del Ponte, 1963; Rhopalopsyllidae, Parapsyllinae: Ectinorus (Ectinorus) barrerai Jordan, 1939. High values of total mean abundance (MA = 2.99) and total prevalence (P = 73.41%) were obtained. A. molinae (MA = 3.14; P = 93.18%; flea specific richness S = 5; Shannon specific diversity index H = 1.25) and G. griseoflavus (MA = 6.40; P = 100%; S = 5; H = 0.76) showed the highest values of the infestation parameters. No fleas were collected from E. typus, possibly because of its habits. Fleas associated with T. pusillus are reported for the first time. Our collections extend the western limits of the distribution of both P. (N.) puelche and P. (P.) b. bohlsi. In addition, new host species are reported for every flea species and subspecies, and seven host-flea associations are mentioned for the first time.
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