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Generation of energy from biomass is increasingly popular. The Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby), a species originating from North America, is an interesting option. This species has been brought into the former Soviet Union in 1930, for using it as a fibrous plant and introduced to Poland in the fifties. Currently it is considered a species having a large biomass harvest. The article contains information about advantages of this species and how it can be used in energy generation.
The aim of this study has been to determine the influence of sewage sludge on the content of selected trace elements in Virginia mallow and in the soil after harvesting these plants. Sewage sludge was the source of nitrogen and phosphorus for the plants, while potassium was supplied in the form of mineral fertilisers. Virginia mallow plants grown without fertilisation served as the contnrol. The form and dose of sewage sludge did not have any larger effect on the concentrations of copper and zinc in the plants. The content of manganese and chromium increased as the the dose of either form of sewage sludge increased. In turn, the content of nickel in Virginia mallow tended to decrease as the doses of sludge rose. The biomass of Virginia mallow contained significantly more cadmium when fertilised with sewage sludge. Significantly more Mn and Pb accumulated in the soil which had been enriched with wet sewage sludge, while the soil treated with pelleted sewage sludge contained more Cd. The soil content of Zn, Mn, Pb and Cr tended to increase as the dose of sewage sludge increased. With respect to nickel and cadmium, their soil content was significantly differentiated by the applied doses of sewage sludge but the direction of these modifications was inconsistent. The forms or doses of sewage sludge applied left the content of copper in soil unaffected. Concerning the accumulation in the aerial parts of Virginia mallow plants, the heavy metals can be ordered as follows: Cd < Cu < Cr < Ni < Zn < Mn. Generally, sewage sludge applied in doses that covered the demand of Virginia mallow for nitrogen and phosphorus did not cause excessive increase in the content of heavy metals in the crop’s aerial biomass. However, an increase in the dose of sewage sludge tended to raise the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil after harvest of Virginia mallow.
In the years 1996-1998 in the sewage treatment plant in Hajdów an experiment was set up in order to determine the optimal number of plants and the method of proliferation of Sida hermaphrodita R. on sewage sludge. The cultivation of Sida was carried out on especially prepared plots with an added 50 cm thick layer of sewage sludge. Two methods of plantation establishing (propagation) were used - generative and vegetative. Three plant densities were used per 1 ha: 3 kg of seeds or 33,000 seedlings; 6 kg of seeds or 50,000 seedlings; and 9 kg of seeds or 100,000 seedlings. A higher yield of stems and greater amounts of Fe extracted from the sludge were obtained from vegetative plant propagation. In the conditions of greater number of plants, considering stem yield, Sida took from the sludge more Co, Fe, and Ni. The three-year cultivation of Sida hermaphrodita caused positive changes in the structure of the sewage sludge.
Seeds of Virginia mallow freshly harvested and after 6, 12 and 18 months of storage were tested. Two experiments were conducted. In one of them, seeds were soaked for 5, 10 and 20 seconds into the hot water (50-100°C), quickly cooled and sown onto the water-wetted filter paper in Petri dishes. In the other, seeds were immersed for 10, 20 and 30 minutes in concentrated sulphuric acid and after washing out, sown onto the filter paper wetted with water or gibberellic acid solution (1 mmol). Hard seeds of Virginia mallow stopped their dormancy due to hot water treatment. Fresh seeds improved their germination after treatment with water at 100-70°C. After one-year storage, seeds also positively reacted towards 60°C, as well as to 50°C after a year and a half. One-and-half-year-old seeds after treatment with 70°C for 20 seconds showed the best germination (90.5%). Positive influence of chemical scarification on seed germination was observed for all testing dates. Fresh seeds increased their germination after 30 minutes of sulphuric acid treatment from 4.5% to 31.3%, the oldest ones - from 44% up to 91.5%. The influence of gibberellic acid depended on seed coat permeability. Control seeds did not increase the germination due to GA₃. Germination of scarified seeds increased by 0.5-9.7%; the oldest seeds reacted most strongly to the growth hormone.
The objective of the study was to compare enzymatic activities of soil microorganisms residing in the rhizosphere of selected plant species valuable for environmental protection, i.e. Sida hermaphrodita Rusby,Helianthus tuberosus, Salix viminalisandSalix americana. The results obtained revealed that the plants used in the experiment had various effects on the activityof the soil enzymes studied. The highest increase in the activity of acid phosphatase was seen in the case of Heliantus tuberosus which was also the only species stimulating the activity of dehydrogenases. The highest activity of proteases was found in the soil under Sida hermaphrodita Rusby.
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