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Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in Poland. There are many varieties cultivated in orchards, but only a few of them play an important role in commercial production. These few varieties have been the object of numerous studies focused on practical aspects like growth performance, yielding, or resistance to diseases. Recently more belowground research has been carried out in pomological plants using the minirhizotron research allowing to observe roots in short and long term experiments. There have been very few studies concerning root growth dynamics of sour cherry cultivars. Here we studied the influence of four major factors on root growth: the cultivar, root diameter, soil depth, and season on the survivorship of fine roots. We used the minirhizotron technique (MR) to examine fine roots dynamics of four sour cherry cultivars grafted on the Mahaleb rootstock, grown in an experimental orchard in Central Poland. The results revealed that the greatest impact on root survivorship was exerted by root diameter, depth of root formation and the season, whereas cultivars had no obvious influence. The finest roots (with a diameter <0.2 mm) and roots formed at a depth of down to 10 cm below the soil surface had the shortest survivorship. On the other hand, thicker roots (>0.75mm) and roots formed at a depth of more than 50 cm below the soil surface have the longest survivorship. The season of root growth has little impact on root survivorship, but has a big influence on the number of the roots formed. There is no impact of the cultivar on the differences in observed roots survivorship.
The present study, carried out in the period 2007-2009 in the Sandomierz Upland, did not show a significant effect of foliar fertilization on trunk thickness and canopy volume in the cultivar Łutówka. However, under the influence of urea applied three times in combination with Florovit at a concentration of 0.5%, a clear increasing trend was observed in the above mentioned parameters used to assess the strength of growth. In years of abundant fruiting, this study showed a significant increase, or on the verge of significance, in yield after threefold application of urea and Florovit in combination. A small insignificant effect of fertilization on fruit weight shows that the growth in yield after the application of fertilization was produced as a consequential effect of a significant increase in the length of one-year shoots and thereby in flowering intensity of the ‘Łutówka’ cherry trees. In the case of the sour cherry cultivar Łutówka bearing fruit on one-year shoots, foliar feeding after flowering using multi-nutrient fertilizers and urea can be recommended as a technological treatment, in particular in years of abundant fruiting.
The ISSR technique was used to determine the genetic similarity between 18 cultivars of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), 24 cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and 9 types of rootstocks for plants of these species. In reactions where 35 primers were used, 230 polymorphic DNA fragments diversifying the rootstocks were acquired, as well as 144 polymorphic fragments for the cultivars of sour cherry and 98 of sweet cherry. The highest degree of DNA polymorphism was observed in the case of the rootstocks (71.2%). For sour cherry, it was 50.7% and for sweet cherry 39.5%. It was possible to distinguish between types of rootstocks using two primers (827, 841), cultivars of sour cherry using also two primers (825, 841), whereas in order to distinguish the sweet cherry cultivars, three primers had to be used: 830, 841 and 843. Among the cultivars of sweet cherry, the highest genetic similarity was observed between 'Van' and 'Techlovan', 'Regina' and 'Karina', 'Summit' and 'Sam'. In the case of sour cherry, the most similar genetically proved to be 'Debreceni Botormo' and 'Ujfehertoi Furtos' as well as 'Nefris' and 'Safir'. Among the rootstocks, the least disparity demonstrated genotypes of two groups from the GiSeLa and PHL series. Obtained ISSR markers allow the identification of tested genotypes as well as their more accurate characterization. Results of the research may find application in gene banks of Prunus genotypes, and in orchard and nursery practice.
The experiments were carried out in 2005-2007. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the growth and yielding of sour cherry cultivars in central Poland. The explored cultivars differed in vigour, cropping and also in response to spring frost. The most vigorous, indicated by the trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), length of one­-year shoots and leaf area, were 'Sabina', 'Lucyna', 'Karneol' and 'Ujfehertoi Furtos'. The weakest in vigour were 'Northstar', 'Schattenmorelle IR-2' and 'Koral'. The best fruit set was observed in 'Schattenmorelle IR-2' and the worst in 'Karneol'. The cultivars 'Lucyna', 'Schattenmorelle IR-2', 'Sabina' and 'Vowi' gave the highest yield per tree. 'Karneol', 'Ujfehertoi Furtos', 'Northstar' and 'Debreceni Botermo' gave the lowest yield per tree. The greatest damage by the spring frosts of 2007 was observed in the following cultivars: 'Lucyna', 'Debreceni Botermo', 'Karneol' and 'Sabina'. The most resistant to spring frosts turned out to be 'Northstar' and 'Schat­tenmorelle IR-2'.
Effect of plant phenolics isolated from leaves of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) as potential biopesticides against the grain aphid was examined. The extracts from the sour cherry contained a twice higher level of salicylic acid than extract from leaves of the blackcurrant. Moreover, concentration of chlorogenic acid was higher in sour cherry and the content of tannic acid within both plant tissues was at the same level. Both examined extracts had a negative effect on development of the grain aphid when the aphid fed on wheat plants sprayed with 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% solutions. The length of prereproductive period (time from birth to maturity) of the aphids was extended from 5.9 days on control plants (not sprayed) to 8.1 days, when the aphids were fed on the treated plants. Apterous females of Sitobion avenae fed on sprayed plants showed lower fecundity and lower values of intrinsic rate of natural increase.
Cherries are known as health friendly fruits due to their abundant phytochemical compositions. This study was conducted to determine phytochemical and pomological fruit properties of different cherry species including mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.), wild sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), wild sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), two sweet cherries (‘Napoleon’ and ‘Starks Gold’) and one sour cherry (‘Kütahya’) cultivars. For this aim, together with various pomological traits, total phenolics and anthocyanin contents, antioxidant capacity, organic acids, sugars, were analyzed in fruits of relevant genotypes. Results of all examined traits significantly varied between genotypes. Mahaleb showed the highest TSS (30.17%), fructose (8.71 μg/g) and glucose (20.74 μg/g) contents. Wild sour cherry gave the highest antioxidant capacity (13.25 mmol TE/ kg total weight), anthocyanin (351.0 mg Pg-3-glk/kg total weight), citric acid (0.56 μg/g) and malic acid (2.96 μg/g) contents. As a rootstock, mahaleb was found to be superior in some of the traits when compared to wild sweet cherry. Significant correlations were observed between various traits. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed different relationships among the traits and evaluated genotypes.
Despite senescence-induced chlorophyll depletion in plants has been widely studied, the enzymatic background of this physiologically regulated process still remains highly unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine selected biochemical properties of partially purified fractions of chlorophyllase (Chlase, chlorophyll chlorophyllido-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.14) from leaves of three Prunus species: bird cherry (Prunus padus L.), European plum (Prunus domestica L.), and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). Secondarily, this report was aimed at comparing seasonal dynamics of Chlase activity and chlorophyll a (Chl a) content within investigated plant systems. Molecular weight of native Chlase F1 has been estimated at 90 kDa (bird cherry) and approximately 100 kDa (European plum and sour cherry), whereas molecular mass of Chlase F2 varied from 35 kDa (European plum) to 60 kDa (sour cherry). Furthermore, enzyme fractions possessed similar optimal pH values ranging from 7.6 to 8.0. It was found that among a broad panel of tested metal ions, Hg+2, Fe+2, and Cu+2 cations showed the most pronounced inhibitory effect on the activity of Chlase. In contrast, the presence of Mg+2 ions influenced a subtle stimulation of the enzymatic activity. Importantly, although Chlase activity was negatively correlated with the amount of Chl a in leaves of examined Prunus species, detailed comparative analyses revealed an incidental decrement of enzymatic activity in early or moderately senescing leaves. It provides evidence that foliar Chlase is not the only enzyme involved in autumnal chlorophyll breakdown and further in-depth studies elucidating this catabolic process are required.
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