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Hypsodonty in Pleistocene ground sloths was reported by Bargo et al. (2006), but no data was provided for megalonychids. Herein, hypsodonty indices (HI) are presented for 22 Megalonyx specimens (mean = 1.06, SD = 0.10), and statistical analysis suggests that there were no significant changes in HI during the ontogeny or phylogeny of the genus during the Pleistocene.
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Ewa Barycka [1979-2008]

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The Crimean taxon at issue has long been known as Stankiewicz pine with continuing discussion around its taxonomical rank and origin. In 1995, the authors discovered the new isolated population of the taxon on Papayakaya Mt. in Crimean Sub-Mediterranean. Due to hypothetical paleogeographic reconstruction ofPleistocene coastal landscapes here, together with some newest taxonomical data, authors reinforce the notion of relict and infraspecific status of the taxon that should be related to Pinus brutia var. pityusa.
The generic attribution of the Plio-Pleistocene Polish moles ?Neurotrichus polonicus and ?Neurotrichus skoczeni has been questioned several times in the past. The fossil material belonging to ?Neurotrichus polonicus and ?Neurotrichus skoczeni is re-evaluated here and a new diagnosis is provided on the basis of qualitative considerations. In addition, a Geometric Morphometric analysis of the humerus has been performed including both extant and extinct Neurotrichini and Urotrichini taxa for comparison. Our results proved the unique morphology of the Polish material suggesting a distinct taxonomic state. The morphological variations evidenced by the humeral shape analysis agree with the observed qualitative differences and support a new generic allocation. The new genus Rzebikia gen. nov. is proposed for all the material previoulsly ascribed to ?Neurotrichus polonicus and ?Neurotrichus skoczeni.
Y−shaped trace fossil (U−shaped upper part with a basal shaft), Parmaichnus stironensis igen. nov. et isp. nov. penetrates from a discontinuity surface cut in Early Quaternary mudstones in the Stirone Valley, Northern Italy. It is attributed to upogebiid decapod crustaceans. Parmaichnus differs from Psilonichnus by the presence of turning chambers in the upper part of the burrow. The turning chambers are considered to be an important taxonomic feature of upogebiid burrows. P. stironensis occurs together with Thalassinoides cf. paradoxicus (produced probably by callianassid crustaceans) and wide U−shaped pyritised cylinders (supposedly produced by balanoglossid hemichordates).
In the Early Pleistocene Red Lower Unit of the Sima del Elefante site (Sierra de Atapuerca karst complex, Burgos, Spain), levels TE9–TE13, dental and mandibular remains of an arvicoline are referred to as the new species Arvicola jacobaeus sp. nov. The new species has medium−sized hypselodont molars, with abundant cementum in the re−entrant folds, and thick enamel band with differentiation of the Mimomys−type. The occlusal morphology of M3 is simple. The dental morphology of the new species resembles that of Arvicola sapidus, though smaller. It is more derived, in size and morphology than the Middle Pleistocene species Arvicola mosbachensis. The morphologic affinities among Arvicola jacobaeus, Arvicola terrestris, and A. sapidus suggest a common ancestry. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis corroborates that Mimomys savini is the sister group of the Arvicola clade.
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