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Background. The purpose of this study was to identify mathematical equations describing changes in a flatfish body shape along its longitudinal axis. The initial function for the description of a cross-section contour is the ellipse equation including a factor deforming the symmetry with respect to one of axes. Such equations may find their use in fisheries engineering and food-fish processing. Materials and Methods. The morphometric examination of the fish raw material was carried out in order to check whether the proposed function meets expectations and draws a curve. The model fish species used was flounder, Platichthys flesus (L.). Results. The mathematical equation describing changes in a cross-section contour of flatfish body shape along its longitudinal axis. The high value of correlation coefficients (r > 0.99) showed that a hypothetical curve matches experiment results quite well. The equation describing the shape of a flatfish body cross-section contour can be defined by means of the ellipse equation including a factor deforming the symmetry with regard to one of its axes. The function represented by equation (8) draws a curve that follows the contour of the fish cross-section. Conclusion. The shape of flounder, defined in the presently reported study may have importance for sustainable and responsible fisheries, helping to design more selective fishing gear. It can also be used in food-fish engineering for designing more effective fish-processing machinery.
Przedstawiono wyniki kongenero-specyficznej analizy pozostałości polichlorowanych naftalenów w tkanach miękkich omułków oraz całych storniach z Zatoki Gdańskiej. Wyznaczono współczynniki bioakumulacji PCNs w łańcuchu troficznym obejmującym stornię i omułka.
Previous studies in the Gulf of Gdańsk discussed the responses of selected enzymatic biomarkers to the contaminant gradient in fish and mussels. In the present study, flounder muscle and liver tissues were analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB congeners: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180), organochlorine pesticides (HCHs, HCB and DDTs), and trace metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Hg, Cr). An attempt was made to identify the relationship between the measured enzymatic biomarker responses (cholinesterases, malic enzyme, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase) and contaminant concentrations in selected flounder tissues. The observed differences in enzymatic biomarker levels suggest that chronic exposure to low-concentration mixtures of contaminants may be occurring in the studied area. However, no conclusive evidence was found of a clear link between the biomarker responses and contaminant concentrations in flounder tissues.
The present investigation covered 400 specimens of Platichthys flesus and 22 of Scophthalmus maximus caught in the period of October 1993-December 1994 in the Gulf of Gdańsk (the South-east Baltic). The following parasite species were found: Bothriocephalus scorpii, Hysterothylacium auctum, Cucullanus heterochrous, Cuculanellus minutus, Anisakis simplex, Raphidascaris sp. (probably R. acus), Echinorhynchus gadi, and Pomphorhynchus laevis. The occurrence of parasites was studied in relation to the season of fishing and the length of the fish body.
Stosując metodę specyficzną dla poszczególnych kongenerów polichloronaftalenów (PCNs) określono skład i stężenie pozostałości tych ksenobiotyków w storniach (flądrach) złowionych w trzech różnych miejscach w Zatoce Gdańskiej w 1992 r. Wykazano różnice w przestrzennym rozmieszczeniu chloronaftalenów w storniach z Zatoki Gdańskiej.
AChE activities were measured in blue mussels gills and flounder muscles samples collected off Poland – the Gulf of Gdańsk (4 sampling stations) and off Lithuania – the Klajp˙eda area (3 sampling stations), in 2001 (June and October) and 2002 (April and October). The AChE activities [nmol min−1 mg protein−1] were in the range: 15–38 (in blue mussels) and 94–315 (in flounder), and agreed well with those reported for flounder in other coastal Baltic areas, and other European seas. Sources of contaminants in the study area are rather localized in the Gulf of Gdańsk, (mouth of the Vistula due to runoff, ports, sewage discharges), while an accidental oil spill occurred off Lithuania, in the course of the study (November 2001). Geographical and temporal AChE levels changes followed the contamination pattern. AChE activities and gradients in the study area are well documented and confirmed in this study. The study confirms the potential use of AChE as biomarker of organic pollution.
Background. A number of fish species in the Baltic Sea are known as definitive hosts for Pomphorhynchus laevis but it is unclear which of the Gammarus species is the intermediate host of this parasite. The aim of the present paper was to identify this host in brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. Materials and Methods. A total of 531 scuds (G. salinus, G. zaddachi, and G. duebeni) were collected from the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Pomeranian Bay, respectively to determine the infection rate of those amphipods in the natural environment. Under experimental condition the scuds were exposed to infection with P. laevis in two different arrangements. In treatment one, the amphipods were kept, from May to July, in the same tank with infected flounder. In treatment two, 197 scuds were exposed to eggs of P. laevis, taken from dissected female acanthocephalans. Results. Scuds sampled from two areas of the Baltic Sea were not infected with P. laevis. Out of three Gammarus species cohabiting with infected flounders only G. zaddachi became infected. None of the scuds exposed directly to the eggs of the parasites became intermediate host of the acanthocephalan studied. Conclusion. span class="ita">Gammarus zaddachi is probably an intermediate host for Pomphorhynchus laevis in the Baltic Sea.
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