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Cerebral malaria in man and in animals is the consequence of a cascade of events, involving the patological changes, leading to the amplification of the expression of the receptors for cytoadherence on brain capillary endothelial cells. Sequestration is the process by which erytrocytes infected with the mature forms of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum disappear from circulation and accumulate within venules and capillaries of various organs and tissues. The molecular mechanism in sequestration is one of the most rapidly advancing fields in malaria research. The several specific aspects considered in this paper. Our electron micrographs show cytoadherence in own model of cerebral malaria in rats infected with Plasmodium berghei.
Prompt and accurate diagnosis is necessary to start adequate treatment for different affecting species including P. falciparum and P. vivax. Here we described the Wondfo Rapid diagnostic Kit (Pf-HRP2/PAN-pLDH) for the detection of P. falciparum and pan-plasmodium in patient specimen by using a nano-gold immunochromatographic assay. Our rapid assay adapted nano-gold labeling techniques and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against both histidine rich protein-2 (Pf HRP-2) of P. falciparum and pan plasmodium-specific pLDH (pan pLDH). The established two-antibody sandwich immunochromatographic assay could detect P. falciparum and pan-plasmodium. The sensitivity and specificity of Wondfo rapid diagnostic kit were determined by comparing with the “gold standard” of microscopic examination of blood smears. In this study1023 blood samples were collected from outpatient clinics in China and Burma, and detected by both Wondfo kit and microscopic examination. The detection sensitivity and specificity of Wondfo rapid diagnostic kit were 96.46% and 99.67% for P. falciparum (HRP2), 95.03% and 99.24% for pLDH, 96.83% and 99.74% for non-falciparum species, 96.70% and 99.74% for P. vivax, respectively. These results indicate that Wondfo rapid diagnostic assay may be useful for detecting P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum (especially P.v.) in patient specimen.
The authors deal with the problem of malaria induced by Plasmodium falciparum and imported to Poland by people returning from tropics. They stress significance of the variable clinical pattern involved and of chloroquine resistance. Basing on their own observations of a definitely diagnosed malaria (22 out 35 cases observed and suspected of malaria) the authors discuss diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties encountered in 7 patients with Plasmodium falciparum-induced malaria. Two representative cases of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) have been discussed in detail. One of the cases with malaria imported from tropics, presented severe course and an atypical clinical pattern (with involvement of central nervous system) which made appropriate diagnosis difficult and delayed application of specific causal treatment. The other unusual case involved a nurse who contracted Plasmodium through a small skin wound with which patient's blood came into contact when the nurse was drawing blood for testing. Course of the disease was grave, with deep anaemia and central nervous system and kidney involvement. In both cases the disease had favourable outcome due to complex anti-malarial therapy and multispecific medical intervention.
Eighty four different fungal endophytes isolated from sea grasses (5), marine algae (36) and leaves or barks of forest trees (43) were grown in vitro and the secondary metabolites secreted by them were harvested by immobilizing them on XAD beads. These metabolites were eluted with methanol and screened using SYBR Green I assay for their antiplasmodial activity against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in human red blood cell culture. Our results revealed that fungal endophytes belonging to diverse genera elaborate antiplasmodial metabolites. A Fusarium sp. (580, IC50: 1.94 μg ml−1) endophytic in a marine alga and a Nigrospora sp. (151, IC50: 2.88 μg ml−1) endophytic in a tree species were subjected to antiplasmodial activity-guided reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography separation. Purification led to potentiation as reflected in IC50 values of 0.12 μg ml-1 and 0.15 μg ml−1 for two of the fractions obtained from 580. Our study adds further credence to the notion that fungal endophytes are a potential storehouse for a variety of novel secondary metabolites vested with different bioactivities including some that can stall the growth of the malaria parasite.
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