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The paper presents results of research on seed sculpture of Plantago major, P. intermedia, P. media, P. coronopus subsp. coronopus, P. maritima subsp. maritima, P. atrata subsp. carpatica, P. lanceolata and P. arenaria. Special attention was paid to the sculpture of the external layer of the testa. Observations were made under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The sculpture typical for each species was presented in micrographs. The results indicate that seed sculpture is a very good interspecific identification feature. The study also confirmed that P. maritima should not be assigned to the section Coronopus DC., but to a separate section Maritima Rahn.
The carried out researches have shown that the period between the 5th and 20th April is the best time for setting up the plantation of Plantago psyllium (sowing directly into the soil). In this case the vegetation season, since the seed-time till the harvest-time, is about 100—114 days. A delay in starting the plantation results in the crop decreasing. The plant congestion (5 — 11 kg of seeds per 1 ha in the row spacing of 20 — 40 cm) does not cause any essential differences in the yield. 5 kg of seeds per 1 ha in the row spacing of 20 — 40 cm, is assumed as the best sowing standard that makes the mechanical treatment possible. The mineral fertilization: N - 60 kg/ha, P2Os - 40 kg/ha, K20 - 80 kg/ha, when soil is rich enough in those components, does not cause any statistically evidenced differences in the seed crop. The investigated agents, i.e. the seed-time, the congestion of plants as well as mineral fertilization, do not influence the viscosity of seeds.
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Micropropagation of Plantago camtschatica Link

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The Far East medicinal plant - Plantago camtschatica was propagated in vitro from tips of shoots (obtained in vitro) and from different explants of 4-week-old seedlings: seedling tips, hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots, first leaves. To our knowledge there is no information in literature about in vitro culture of this plantain. MS basal medium, supplemented with 0.6 pM IAA in combination with various cytokinins (BA, KIN, ZEA), was used. After 6 weeks of culture, micropropagation rate (MR) - mean number of buds and shoots per explant - was calculated. Our study proved that P. camtschatica species was amenable to propagation in vitro from different kinds of explants. However, multiplication by adventitious shoot regeneration from hypocotyl explants was found to be the most suitable method for the propagation of this plant. Adventitious shoots could root without stimulation what allows to omit the stage of rooting. The plants obtained as a result of micropropagation were not phenotypically changed.
Pollen grains of 9 species of the genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae), including 8 taxa native to Poland, were observed under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Descriptions of grain sculpture are illustrated only SEM micrographs. The studied pollen grains were medium-sized or small, spherical or prolate spheroidal. Their sculpture was always verrucate with granulation. In the studied taxa, internal apertures had the form of pores. Their number ranged from (4)5-9(14). The pores were scattered on the surface of pollen grains. Identification features of individual taxa include: presence or absence of an annulus around each pore, annulus structure, ornamentation of the pollen grain and operculum, type of aperture membrane, number of internal pores, and pore diameter. We suggest that two new pollen grain types, characteristic of P. intermedia and P. arenaria, should be distinguished, and that P. alpina should be assigned to the P. coronopus type.
The effect of auxins: IAA, IBA and NAA in concentrations of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg·dm⁻³ on rooting of Hebe buchananii and Hebe canterburiensis ‘Prostrata’ in vitro was examined. Shoots used in the experiment were excised from aseptically grown shoots on 1/2 MS media. Auxins used in the experiment were showed to have a positive effect on rooting of shoots of Hebe buchananii and Hebe canterburiensis ‘Prostrata’ in vitro. The biggest number of rooted microshoots and the longest roots of Hebe buchananii formed in presence of IBA. On the media supplemented with IAA in concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg·dm⁻³, IBA in concentration of 5 mg·dm⁻³ and NAA in concentration of 1 mg·dm⁻³ 100% of rooted shoots of Hebe canterburiensis ‘Prostrata’ were obtained. The biggest number of roots occurred on media with 2.5 and 5.0 mg IAA·dm⁻³. NAA added to the media caused callusing of the shoots base.
Shoot-tip multiplication of the medicinal species - Plantago asiatica was carried on MS medium with IAA and BAP or kinetin. Best results in micropropagation were achieved by adding 0.1 mg/dm3 IAA and 1 mg/dm3 BAP. After 6 weeks shoots were transferred to MS medium for rooting. The resulting plantlets were transferred after 8 weeks into pots and after a period of adaptation into the ground (field culture). The species Plantago asiatica was propagated in vitro by shoot-tip multiplication for the first time.
A vanishing species in Poland - Plantago maritima L. was regenerated in vitro from tips of shoots (obtained in vitro) and from different explants of 4-week-old seedlings: seedling tips, hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots. Murashige and Skoog basal medium, supplemented with 0.6 pM indole-3-acetic acid in combination with cytokinins 6-benzyladenine, zeatin or kinetin, was used. The plants obtained in the result of micropropagation were normal in appearence. It was proved that Plantago maritima species was amenable to propagation from different kinds of explants. The method may be of significance for protection of sea plantain.
The polyphenols compounds: flavonoids, phenolic acids and tiinnins have been found in the water extracts of Gemmae Populi, Folium Populi, Folium Plantaginis lanceolatae and Herba Polygoni avicularis. The effects of water extracts on immunological reactivity of human and mouse lymphatic cells were examined in vivo and in vitro. Some of extracts caused significant enhancement of the ability of mouse and human lymphocytes to release angiogenic growth factors and increased the production of anti-SRBC 19S and/or 7S antibodies.
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