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In green needles of Pinus mugo the most abundant polyprenols occur as a mixture of prenologues in which the dominant alcohol is built of 16 isoprene units. The characteristic spectrum of polyprenols (prenol-15, -16 and -17) was the same irrespective of the location of plant and of distinct morphological differences observed in the various selected forms of this species. The constant pattern of the polyprenols spectrum was preserved throughout the 2-year life span of needles, although the level of polyprenols was increased 2-3-fold. The polyprenol pattern in Pinaceae family differs from species to species, thus it may serve as chemotaxonomic criterion within this systematic group.
Compared to the formation of male generative organs, the development of female sporogenous tissue of the European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is considerably delayed. The young megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte, MMC) is not observable until late October, a short time before the period of dormancy. In early spring, MMCs become moderately enlarged, with intensive accumulation of starch grains around the nucleus. At the end of the first 10 days of March the MMCs become more rounded in section and the nucleus moves towards the basal part of the cell (near the chalaza). The integument and nucellus become observable at that time and chromosomal strands are visible in the MMC nuclei. Meiosis of MMCs was observed from mid-March to early April. During that period the tip of the integument grows gradually over the nucellus and creates the stigmatic apparatus of the ovule. Instead of the expected tetrads, triads of linearly arranged unequal megaspores were observed in individual ovules at the beginning of pollen shedding. Immediately after meiosis of the MMC, massive growth of the functional chalazal megaspore occurs, along with intensive free-nuclear divisions. The nuclei become located near the megaspore membrane, whereas the whole central part of the developing female gametophyte is filled with an extraordinarily large central vacuole. During intensive growth of the functional megaspore, the innermost layer of the nucellar tapetum gradually disintegrates. This development stage lasts until early May, when the megaspore membrane segregates partially from the nucellar tapetum and the free-nucleate female gametophyte assumes an irregular sac-like shape. The cellular stage of the female gametophyte with typical pyramidal cells at its micropylar end is visible at mid-May. Then the vacuolated (so-called frothy) archegonia gradually forms. The disappearance of vacuoles and the division of the central cell were registered in late May. At the stage of the large female gamete (egg cell) and the small ventral canal cell, the archegonia become fully receptive for fertilization. Our observations indicate that the development of the free-nucleate gametophyte and the formation of cell walls among the nuclei are the most sensitive phases of ovule development in the European larch before fertilization. During these stages, numerous cases of degeneration of the female gametophyte were observed, along with the complete deformation of ovules. The reasons for frequent irregularities are discussed here; the influence of meteorological and nutrient conditions seems especially important.
The plant family Pinaceae is known to produce a set of unusual fatty acids in the seed oils. In Turkey it has been less studied in respect to the fatty acid and tocochromanol (tocopherols and tocotrienols) composition of the seed oils, particularly in terms of chemotaxonomy. This study examined the fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienol and plastochromanol-8 content of Pinus L. taxa naturally growing in Turkey (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, P. nigra subsp. pallasiana var. pyramidata, P. halepensis, P. sylvestris, P. pinea, P. brutia, P. radiata, P. pinaster). The fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, ∆5-taxoleic, pinolenic and coniferonic acid) and tocochromanols are valuable components of Pinus seed oils, in the family Pinaceae. Unsaturated fatty acid comprises ~90% of the seed oil. While γ-tocopherol was found to be the largest component of all Pinus seed oil, β-tocotrienol was not found at all. Total tocopherols in the studied taxa was much higher than total tocotrienols. The distribution of fatty acid and tocochromanol patterns in the genus Pinus is discussed, and in particular the presence of ∆5-UPIFA acids such as taxoleic and pinolenic acids, as well as common and distinguishing features that may contribute to knowledge about the taxonomy and phylogeny of pines.
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