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The aim of this study was evaluation of the quality of ejaculates of boars from Duroc and Pietrain breeds, and also crossbreeds born in different seasons. Materials used for the study were gathered during the process of breeding boars. There were 143 boars of breeds Duroc, Pietrain and their crossbreeds (Duroc x Pietrain and Pietrain x Duroc). The 20 442 of boars’ ejaculates were examined between 1997–2009 in the Małopolska Biotechnology Centre – Examinations Station of Boars in Czermin. Ejaculates were evaluated basing on: the volume of spermatozoid fractions, the percentage of progressive spermatozoids, spermatozoid concentration, total count of progressive spermatozoids and the total number of insemination doses obtained from one ejaculation. The parameters of examined ejaculates of boars races were analyzed statistically accordingly with their births seasons: spring (from 22nd March to 21st June), summer (from 22nd June to 21st of September), autumn (from 22nd September to 21st of December), winter (from 22nd December to 21st of March). The studies have shown the significance of impact that season of birth has on semen quality of boars and crossbreeds of evaluated races. The highest reproductive potential expressed as a number of insemination doses, was found in boars of Duroc and Pietrain breeds born in the summer. In case of crossbreeds, the best quality of sperm was found in males born in the winter season.
Association of CAST and RYR1 genes polymorphism with carcass and meat quality in crossbreed pigs with a share of Pietrain breed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the calpastatin (CAST/TaqI) and ryanodine receptor (RYR1) genes polymorphism on carcass and meat quality traits in Pietrain crossbred pigs. The polymorphism in CAST and RYR1 genes was detected using the PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of PCR-Amplified Fragments) method. Two alleles of CAST gene were identified–A(0.34) and B (0.66) and three genotypes–AA(0.21), AB (0.25) and BB (0.54). In relation to carcass and pork quality, no statistically significant differences were found between the CT and CC genotypes of RYR1 gene as well as between AA, AB and BB genotypes of CASTgene. In addition, no significant interaction was found between CAST/TaqI × RYR1 genotypes and all the analyzed carcass and meat quality traits.
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Pancreatic secretion differs according to the genotype of growing pigs

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The objective of this study was to investigate the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and antibacterial activity in weaned pigs of three pure breeds, Pietrain, Duroc and Polish synthetic line 990, to look for eventual differences related to the genotype. Six male pigs of each breed, about 24 kg mean body weight, were equipped with chronic pancreatic duct catheters and duodenal cannulas to assess pure pancreatic juice, and jugular vein catheters for blood withdrawal. Pancreatic juice was collected before and after the morning feeding. Protein output and enzyme activities revealed two distinct profiles: strong manifestation of the prandial phase in Pietrain and line 990 pigs, and weak manifestation in Duroc. The antibacterial activity did not follow the enzyme kinetics, and it was the strongest in pancreatic juice from Pietrain pigs. Postprandial insulinaemia was reduced in the order of: line 990>Pietrain>Duroc. A slight (not significant) tendency towards a reduction of leptin after feeding in synthetic line 990 corresponded with elevated secretion of pancreatic enzymes and plasma insulin. The presented results suggest that the prandial secretion of pancreatic juice differs according to genotype, and the differences may be in part related to release of insulin.
Growth and development traits are economically important in animal production, especially in pig breeding. Therefore, the porcine GHRL gene is considered as a candidate gene responsible for growth rate and body weight. The aim of our study was to identify new polymorphisms in the GHRL gene in pig. Ten novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s) were detected: four substitutions in exons, four in introns and two mutations in promoter region. We evaluated the GHRL mRNA abundance in porcine stomachs (fundus ventriculis) and ghrelin protein concentration in plasma in three breeds: Polish Landrace, Polish Large White and Pietrain. The results showed that transcript abundance of GHRL gene was significantly higher in Polish Landrace than in other two breeds (P<0.05). The mutation c.-93A>G located in the promoter region affected expression of the GHRL gene. The AA genotype animals showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher expression level when compared to AG genotype animals.
In 40 Polish Landrace, 38 Polish Large White and 14 Pietrain fatteners the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle fibres were characterized and LL quality indicators determined. The correlation was estimated between the LL fibres traits and daily live weight gain, muscle pH and texture parametres.Muscle fibres ere identified as I, IIA and IIB types based upon their dehydrogenase (NADH)activity. The daily live weight gain of fatteners and their muscle pH45, pH24, Warner-Bratzler shear force and texture properties were determined.Breed was found related neither to meat quality traits, nor fibre type per cent and fibre relative area, but it affected the size of fibres. The LL from Pietrain fatteners had larger diameter of fibres within each fibre type compared to fatteners of remaining two breeds (P≤0.01). The phenotypic correlations between histological and physico-chemical traits were generally low. The content (%)and relative area of type IIB fibres, unlike those of type I, positively correlated with daily live weight gain (P≤0.01). Moreover, increase in the daily live weight gain was related to increased size of type IIB fibres. Shear force was negatively related to type IIA muscle fibre size. A similar tendency was found between pH24 and diameter of type IIA fibres.
Meat quality was examined in 120 fatteners in 5 experimental groups. The analysis included meat quality traits of hybrid pigs, which had been obtained from crossing Polish Large White × Polish Landrace sows with boars of the following breeds and crosses: Pietrain (P), L.990 × Pietrain (LP), Pietrain × L.990 (PL), Duroc × Pietrain (DP), Pietrain × Duroc (PD). The studies demonstrated that the fatteners sired by Pietrain boars (P) were characterised by the highest meatiness, though attained worse meat quality in relation to those from hybrid sires that had 25% of Pietrain blood. It was also demonstrated that the combining ability in reciprocal crossing had no significant influence on the difference in meat quality between the groups LP and PL, as well as DP and PD. In the whole studied material, the meat of barrows had higher intramuscular fat content and brighter colour compared to that of gilts.
The aim of this study was to characterize the polymorphism of GH and LEP genes in selected pig breeds reared in Poland and to analyse the relation between the GH and LEP genotypes and carcass meat and fat deposition. The tests covered a total of 305 animals of the following breeds and lines:Pietrain (P), Złotnicka Spotted (ZS), Polish Landrace (PL), Torhyb [P × (PL × Polish Large White)],Stamboek (Dutch Landrace × Dutch Large White) and Pig Improving Company (PIC) pigs.The frequency of particular variants of porcine LEP and GH genes proved to be dependent on breed or line. An association between genotypes at loci LEP and GH and carcass traits was analysed on a material comprising 115 Torhyb, 44 Stamboek and 56 PIC pigs. The genotype at loci LEP and GH affected the value of particular carcass traits, but what traits were affected and what was the level of significance depended on the line. Genotype TT at locus LEP proved more advantageous for decreasing both fat weight and fat content of ham in PIC pigs than genotype CT. Moreover, genotypes AA at locus GH/HaeII and BB at locus GH/MspI were the least advantageous for weight of ham and ham meat when compared to the remaining genotypes at these loci. The same genotypes at the GH locus increased carcass length. It is concluded that a knowledge of LEP and GH genotypes might be useful for improving several traits determining carcass quality in some pig breeds and lines.
The aim of the study was to characterize the polymorphism of calpastatin (CAST) gene identified with three restriction enzymes (HinfI, MspI, RsaI) in several pig breeds and lines bred in Poland and to evaluate the relation between the CAST genotypes and carcass traits. The analyses covered a total of 294 fatteners of Polish Landrace (PL), Pietrain (P), Zlotnicka Spotted (ZS), Torhyb [P × (Polish Large White × PL)] and Stamboek (Dutch Large White × Dutch Landrace). P pigs appeared to be monomorphic at each of loci considered, i.e. CAST/HinfI, CAST/MspI and CAST/RsaI, whereas all three genotypes at these loci were observed only in ZS and Stamboek pigs. An association between genotypes at locus CAST and carcass traits was analysed on 39 Stamboek castrated males free of RYR1T gene. Genotypes DD at locus CAST/MspI and EF at locus CAST/RsaI proved less fatty (thinnest backfat and lower weight of backfat with skin in loin) than two remaining genotypes at each of these loci. Moreover, genotypes DD at locus CAST/MspI and EE at locus CAST/RsaI were the most advantageous for eye-muscle area when compared to the remaining genotypes at these loci. It is concluded that CAST gene may be considered as a candidate gene for pig carcass quality. However,further studies are needed on more numerous animal material covering breeds (e.g. Large White) with all possible genotypes at loci considered in this report.
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