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In this study, we analyzed the effect of rearing system of ducks on the quantitative and qualitative composition of their gut microfl ora. 180 ducks and 180 drakes of Pekin 44 and Muscovy MR71 lines were kept in the intensive system on litter; the same number of birds was kept in the semi-intensive system. In the latter, starting from the 3rd week of life the birds were allowed to use free ranges. After slaughter of 15 ducks and 15 drakes from each group, their intestinal digesta was subjected to microbiological analysis. The possibility of using the free ranges had a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative composition of intestinal microfl ora of these birds. The count of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophs in the intestinal digesta of ducks was higher in the case of birds kept in the semi-intensive system. More benefi cial results were achieved in the case of Muscovy ducks considering mainly the coli/lacto ratio which was the lowest (0.08) in this group for both sexes kept on free range. Noteworthy is also that no pathogenic bacteria of the genera: Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli were found in any of the analyzed samples.
The bone mineral density BMD and content BMC were analysed in the tibiotarsal bones of ducks in the postnatal development as influenced by age and sex. One hundred birds from the nesting till the slaughtering maturity were included in the experiment. The analysis was conducted using a densitometer, Norland - Excell Plus and pQCT computed tomography, XCT Research SA Plus. The statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (age) and the U-Mann -Withney test (sex). All calculations were performed in Statistica 9.0 (StatSoft, Inc. Tulsa, USA), at P ≤ 0.05. Two-factor analysis of variance ANOVA was applied and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated. The densitometer research showed that BMD and BMC increased in the postnatal development for both sexes. The volumetric bone mineral density vBMD analysis using computed tomography showed that volumetric bone mineral density vBMD of the middle of the diaphyses in situ gradually attenuated during the postnatal development both in males and females, i.e. from 620 mg/cm3 (2 wk) to 500 mg/cm3 (8 wk). The biggest vBMD loss was observed in the diaphyses of females in 4 and 6 wk (r = - 0.63 and r = - 0.79; P ≥ 0.05). The BMC decrease was observed in the proximal metaphyses between 4 and 6 wk for both sexes, r = - 0.52 (males), r = - 0.53 (females); P ≤ 0.05. The gradual loss may be the cause of deformities and fractures of the tibiotarsal bones observed from 4 wk in particular bone sections of both sexes. The achieved results may constitute a helpful source of information for water poultry breeders to prevent limb diseases.
The effect of the level of maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for ducks and duration of the fattening period on feed efficiency, body weight, carcass and meat quality was studied. One hundred and sixty commercial Pekin ducklings were divided randomly into four groups (four replicates, each). From 1 to 21 days of age all birds received the same commercial feed, then from day 22 to 56 the ducks were fed with a diet containing one of four levels of DDGS (%): 0 (control), 15, 25 or 30. All ducks were weighed individually at 1, 21, 49 and 56 days of age and feed intake and feed efficiency were calculated. At 49 and 56 days of rearing, 10 birds with body weights close to the average weight for the group were chosen from each group, slaughtered and the following parameters were evaluated: weight of eviscerated carcass with neck, neck without skin, wings with skin, breast and leg muscle, edible giblets (heart, liver, gizzard), skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, remainder of carcass, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of breast meat. Inclusion of maize DDGS in amounts up to 25% in the diet of ducks from day 22 of rearing had no adverse effect on the variables studied, regardless of age at slaughter. Moreover, it allowed decreasing the soyabean meal and wheat contents from 18.0 and 41.6% in the control feed to 10.0 and 24.1% in the 25% DDGS feed, respectively.
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