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The types of several Aenictus species are studied, and differences between A. rhodiensis Menozzi and related species, A. dlusskyi Arnoldi and A. vaucheri Emery shown. A. maroccanus Santschi is excluded from the genus Aenictus Shuchard, 1840. A first record of Aenictus rhodiensis from Turkey is reported.
The genera Euanoma Reitter, 1889 and Pseudeuanoma Pic, 1901 are revised. Both genera are classified in the family Drilidae along with Paradrilus Kiesenwetter, 1865, Drilus Olivier, 1790, Malacogaster Bassi, 1834 and Selasia Castelnau, 1836. All known species are redescribed and the following three new species are described, Euanoma curvata sp. nov., E. svihlai sp. nov., and E., marketae sp. nov. Phaeopterus graecus Pic, 1901 is transferred from Omalisidae to Drilidae and the new combination Euanoma graeca (Pic, 1901) is proposed; Euanoma semitestacea (Pic, 1907) comb. nov. is transferred from Pseudeuanoma Pic, 1901. Pseudeuanoma ionica semiobscura Pic, 1901 and Pseudeuanoma subimpressa Pic, 1901 are made junior subjective synonyms of Pseudeuanoma ionica Pic, 1901. The identification key for males of World genera of Drilidae and species of Euanoma Reiter, 1889 and Pseudeuanoma Pic, 1901 is given. The zoogeography and relationships between species and genera are discussed.
The first instar larva of Cassida nebulosa Linnaeus, 1758 is described in detail for the first time. The description is proposed as a model description of first instar larvae in the tribe Cassidini. Comparative morphology of first instar larvae of six chrysomelid subfamilies is presented. Cassidini are characterised by the largest number of apomorphies within Chrysomelidae.
A description of Pyrenaeibufonaria gen. nov. with the type species Neobufonaria louisaraphaeli della Giustina and Blasco-Zumeta from the Pyrenees is given. Its taxonomic position, morphological characters and affinities with the genus Neobufonaria Koçak, known from the mountains of Central Asia, is discussed.
Distribution and occupancy of setts by badgers Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) were surveyed in Białowieża Primeval Forest (1450 km ), one of the best preserved temperate lowland forests in Europe, in 1946-1961 and 1979-1999. In the Belarussian part of BPF in 1946-1951, badger density was estimated as 0.33 setts and 1.27 individuals/10 km . After predator control in the late 1950s, the number of active setts decreased to 0.09/10 km2 in 1961. Since the 1970s, badger population has been recovering; in 1979-1999, it averaged 0.16 setts and 0.61 ind/10 km . In Lhe Polish part of BPF, where badgers were not hunted, the densities in 1996-1999 were estimated as 0.41 setts and 1.57 ind/10 kra . I n the whole BPF, badger main setts were spaced regularly, with the nearest neighbour distance between active setts varying from 2.2 to 13.3 km (mean = 5.3 km, SD = 2.1). Surveys of 21 main setts during 1979-1999 (totally 171 sett-years) revealed that badgers occupied the setts in 68.4% of cases, raccoon dogs Nyctereules procyonoides in 12.9%, and red foxes Vulpes vulpes in 7%. Joint utilisation of the same setts by badgers and raccoon dogs was recorded in 5.3% of cases. Reviewing the literature on badger densities in 35 localities in the Palaeartic region showed that badgers attained rather high densities on the British Isles (14.9 setts/10 km , range 1.1-45.5; and 93.8 ind/10 km , range 8.6-307.0) compared to continental Eurasia (1.7 setts/10 km2, range 0.4-6.5; and 6.3 ind/10 km2, range 1.6-15.2). The number of badgers inhabiting a sett increased with log density of setts. Densities of badger setts did not depend on latitude but were negatively correlated with forest cover (p = 0.22, p - 0.008). We proposed that the biological mechanism behind this relationship was the higher biomass and availability of earthworms in open pastures and grasslands than in forests.
A taxonomic review is made of the 15 described species of socially parasitic Myrmica, found in the Palaearctie, and 3 apparently free-living Myrmica species that have characteristics of the "parasitic syndrome". Notes on the current taxonomic status and biological knowledge of each species are given. Earlier synonymies are discussed and one new synonymy is made: M. samnitica Mei = M. laurae Emery. Also, the synonymy of if. myrrnecophila Wasmann with M. sulcinodis Nylander is confirmed and it is suggested that the type specimen is neither an ergatoid queen nor a social parasite, but a worker parasitized by Mermis. The status of M. symbiotica Menozzi remains unclear: it is not an ergatoid queen but could be a pseudogyne worker of a parasitic species with as yet undescribed queens. Keys are given for the identification of all castes of the 10 recognised species of social parasite (including M. symbiotica) and the 3 associated free-living species.
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